古玩行2019精品推荐第11期-大唐贞观年金杯金碗

金银杯在文献中常见。《旧唐书高胡楚宾传》记载:胡楚宾者，宣州秋浦人。属文敏速，每饮半酣而后操笔，高宗每令作文，必以金银杯盛酒令饮，便以杯赐之。《资治通鉴》中和元年七月条也记载:令孜宴土客都头，以金杯行酒，因赐之，诸都头皆拜而受。但古代文献对金银杯的形制没有具体的描述。现代考古学中定名的杯类很复杂，一般是 以器物的形状和现代器皿的名称来定名，有些碗形的器物也被称为杯。杯类器物，有的形状差别甚大，当时的用途也不同。故仅将杯类器物按形状差别分为高足杯、带把杯、长杯等来分别叙述。

Gold and silver cups are common in literature. The biography of Gaohu Chu bin in the old Tang Dynasty records that Hu Chu bin was born in Qiupu, Xuanzhou. It's Wenmin speed. Every time he drinks, he will write. Every time he writes, he will drink wine in a gold and silver cup. Then he will give it a cup. It is also recorded in the general review of Zizhi and the July of the first year that all the heads of the local and Hakka capitals were given feasts to drink wine in gold cups. However, there is no specific description of the shape of gold and silver cup in ancient literature. The cups named in modern archaeology are very complex. They are usually named according to the shape of utensils and the name of modern utensils. Some bowl shaped utensils are also called cups. Some of the cups have very different shapes and different uses at that time. Therefore, according to the shape difference, the cups can be divided into high foot cup, long cup with handle and so on.

一个时代往往有一种典型的物质文化，这种物质文化常伴随着某种新材质的使用和新审美意识的形成而产生。唐朝是中国古代金银器制作和使用的繁荣期，目前出土的金银器代表着中国古代所能达到的最高水平。

There is often a typical material culture in an era, which is often accompanied by the use of a new material and the formation of a new aesthetic consciousness. Tang Dynasty is a prosperous period of making and using gold and silver wares in ancient China. At present, the unearthed gold and silver wares represent the highest level that can be achieved in ancient China.

在金属中，黄金和白银延展性非常好，相对比较柔软，容易做出非常精美的器物。所以精美的工艺作品很多都是用黄金和白银制作的。在汉朝之前，我们发现的金银器的制作技术和铜器没什么区别，也是铸造技术。这种方法对金银器来说并不合适，并不能体现金银的特性。汉代在金银制作上，就出现了打制、锻造技术。锻造技术制作的金银器棱线分明，光亮如新，精致异常。在汉墓里还发现有在金银器上掐丝焊缀金珠的工艺，相当成熟和先进。而到了唐代，中国的金银器水平就成为世界一流了。

Among the metals, gold and silver are very malleable, relatively soft, and easy to make very exquisite artifacts. So many of the exquisite crafts are made of gold and silver. Before the Han Dynasty, we found that the manufacturing technology of gold and silver ware was no different from that of copper ware, and it was also casting technology. This method is not suitable for gold and silver ware and does not reflect the characteristics of gold and silver. In the Han Dynasty, the technology of making gold and silver appeared. The gold and silver ware made by forging technology has clear edges and lines, is as bright as new, and is extremely exquisite. In the Han Dynasty tombs, it was also found that there was a process of cutting wires and welding gold beads on gold and silver vessels, which was quite mature and advanced. By the Tang Dynasty, China's gold and silver level had become the world's first-class.

唐代金银器制造工艺的标志是锤揲和錾刻技术的成熟应用。所谓锤揲，就是将金银片放在模具上反复锤打成型，做出这个器物的基本的形态，然后通过大小不同、形式各异的錾子，用小锤击打，由里到外，打出器物主要纹样的轮廓，然后在这个轮廓上精细地进行雕刻。由于锤揲技术的发展和被广泛地利用，就使原来的一种平面的单调的表现形式发生了变化，器物出现一种浮雕的效果。

The mark of the gold and silver ware manufacturing technology in Tang Dynasty is the mature application of hammering and chiseling technology. The so-called hammer is to hammer the gold and silver pieces on the mold repeatedly to make the basic shape of the artifact, and then use the chisels of different sizes and forms to hit with a small hammer to make the outline of the main patterns of the artifact from the inside to the outside, and then carve the outline finely. Due to the development and wide use of hammer technology, the original flat and monotonous form of expression has changed, and a relief effect appears on the artifacts.

唐朝时对金银的制作应该是不计成本大力支持的。在唐前期，中央政府就有一个金银作坊院，直接属于中央官署。很多工匠集中在一起工作，相互切磋技术，彼此提高都很快，创新也很多。体现在金银器上就是表现形式多种多样。比如在银器上锤出花纹，然后在花纹的部分鎏金，这就是“金花银器”，既保持了银的质地，又和黄金的色泽互相映衬，明丽而奢华，很符合唐朝人的艺术品位。

In the Tang Dynasty, the production of gold and silver should be strongly supported regardless of cost. In the early Tang Dynasty, the central government had a gold and silver workshop, which directly belonged to the central government office. Many craftsmen work together, learn from each other, improve each other quickly, and innovate a lot. Reflected in the gold and silver ware is a variety of forms. For example, hammering out patterns on silverware, and then gilding some of the patterns, this is "gold flower silverware", which not only keeps the texture of silver, but also sets off with the color of gold, bright and luxurious, which is very in line with the artistic taste of Tang Dynasty people.

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