精品推荐：汉代陶罐

陶是汉代最主要的陶系，继承商周器物形制演变而来。多用于储藏的容器或作为随葬器物等用途，在全国各地均有出土。

Pottery is the most important pottery system in Han Dynasty, which inherits the shape and system of Shang and Zhou wares. Most of them are used for storage containers or burial objects, which are unearthed all over the country.

汉代生产的陶器，制陶手工业在汉代得到很大的发展，主要表现为泥料的选择和配制越发精细，无论是泥质陶还是夹砂陶，无论是饮食器具还是储藏类巨型用具，都比较精细，成型规整、实用。器物上或刻或划，或施彩或上釉，装饰相当美观，以后历史时代的日用陶器很少能与汉代相比的。

In the Han Dynasty, the pottery making handicraft industry developed greatly, which is mainly manifested in the more and more fine selection and preparation of clay. Whether it is clay pottery or sand ceramics, whether it is food utensils or storage giant utensils, they are relatively fine, regular and practical. The ornaments on the wares are pretty beautiful, such as carving or drawing, or coloring or glaze. The daily pottery in the later historical era is rarely compared with that in the Han Dynasty.

该陶罐瓜棱形圆腹，束腰颈，肩部饰一套凸出的弦纹，喇叭形口，口沿外折，底部内凹。胎体厚薄适中，造型古朴端庄，做工精细，线条流畅。专家判断为汉代的陶罐。为汉代的陪葬品。这个陶罐已有约2000年历史，像这样体型较大、埋藏久远、又保存较为完好的陶器，在出土文物中较为罕见，对研究汉代历史和当时的社会风俗有一定历史价值，也是重要的文物资料，极具收藏价值。

The pot has a melon shaped round abdomen, a waist neck, a set of protruding chord lines on the shoulder, a trumpet shaped mouth, an outer fold of the mouth, and an inner concave bottom. The carcass is thick, thin and suitable, the shape is simple and dignified, the workmanship is fine, and the lines are smooth. Experts judged it to be pottery of Han Dynasty. It's a funerary object of the Han Dynasty. This pottery pot has a history of about 2000 years. Such large, long buried and well preserved pottery is rare in unearthed cultural relics. It has a certain historical value for studying the history of Han Dynasty and the social customs at that time. It is also an important cultural relic material with great collection value.

汉代(公元前206—公元220年)生产的陶器。制陶手工业在汉代得到很大的发展，主要表现为泥料的选择和配制越发精细，无论是泥质陶还是夹砂陶，无论是饮食器具还是储藏类巨型用具，都比较精细，成型规整、实用。器物上或刻或划，或施彩或上釉，装饰相当美观，以后历史时代的日用陶器很少能与汉代相比的。汉代日常用陶大多数是灰陶，在烧窑后期，还原气氛控制比较好，灰色浅淡而均匀，质地坚实耐用。此外还有红陶和黑陶，黑陶烧成温度较低，属于软陶，各类日常用具为硬质陶，软陶虽然制作精致，装饰讲究，但不实用，往往作为陪葬的冥器。

Pottery produced in the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD). The pottery industry developed greatly in the Han Dynasty, mainly manifested in the more and more fine selection and preparation of clay. Whether it is clay pottery or sand ceramics, whether it is food utensils or storage giant utensils, they are relatively fine, well formed and practical. The ornaments on the wares are pretty beautiful, such as carving or drawing, or coloring or glaze. The daily pottery in the later historical era is rarely compared with that in the Han Dynasty. In the later stage of the kiln, the reducing atmosphere was well controlled, the gray was light and even, and the texture was solid and durable. In addition, there are red pottery and black pottery. The firing temperature of black pottery is relatively low, which belongs to soft pottery. All kinds of daily utensils are hard pottery. Although the soft pottery is exquisite in production and exquisite in decoration, it is not practical and often used as a burial device.

汉代地域辽阔，各个地区工艺传统、生活习俗和原料质地的差异，造成了器物种类、造型结构和装饰风格的诸多不同。例如，关中地区经济最发达，文化教育水平最高，消费层次也最高，因此陶器质地精良，日用陶器有豆、盆、碗、钟、筒杯、勺、盘、缸、甄、釜、小壶、茧形壶、扁壶、钵、罐等。此地区礼仪制度最完备，盟器种类也较多，包括仿青铜鼎、彝等庄重器形，体现财富的陶仓、陶囤及表现六畜兴旺的各种家禽动物形象。装饰陶器的花纹多为变形回纹、三角纹、涡纹、龙纹、虎豹纹等。洛阳以东的关东地区，制陶业也很发达。人们的日常用陶以灰陶为主，器形有罐、壶、尊、洗、瓮、盘、碗、勺、筒杯、甑、釜等。为适应当时厚葬的需要，一些质地较软的器物如盒、盘、案、杯、鸡、狗、猪、羊、住宅、圈舍模型大量生产，并逐渐成组出现，时代变化明显，为汉代陶器的断代研究提供了宝贵资料。

The Han Dynasty is a vast area, and the differences of craft tradition, living custom and raw material texture in various regions have resulted in many differences in the types of implements, modeling structure and decoration style. For example, Guanzhong area has the most developed economy, the highest level of culture and education, and the highest level of consumption. Therefore, the quality of pottery is excellent. Daily pottery includes beans, pots, bowls, clocks, cups, spoons, pans, jars, cauldrons, kettles, cocoon shaped pots, flat pots, bowls, pots, etc. In this area, the etiquette system is the most complete, and there are many kinds of League implements, including the imitation of bronze tripod, Yi and other solemn forms, reflecting the wealth of taocang, taodun and various images of poultry and animals that represent the prosperity of six beasts. The decorative patterns of pottery are mostly deformation, triangle, vortex, dragon, tiger and leopard. In Guandong area, east of Luoyang, the pottery industry is also very developed. People's daily use of pottery is mainly grey pottery, with the shape of pot, pot, Zun, Xi, urn, plate, bowl, spoon, cylinder cup, steamer, cauldron, etc. In order to meet the needs of heavy burial at that time, some soft wares such as boxes, plates, cases, cups, chickens, dogs, pigs, sheep, houses and enclosure models were produced in large quantities and gradually appeared in groups. The changes of the times were obvious, which provided valuable information for the study of the dating of pottery in the Han Dynasty.

陶是瓷器之祖，没有陶器，就不会有瓷器的蓬勃发展。在距今３０００多年前的商代遗址中，发现了原始青瓷器，这是我国最早的瓷器，它比陶晚出生了几千年。瓷虽然源于陶，却不等同于陶，二者在制造材料和烧造环境上有很大的区别：陶器主要是以粘土为原料，烧制温度一般不超过摄氏１０００度，胎质比较粗松，器表一般无釉或只涂有低温釉；瓷器是以高岭土等作为原料，经过至少摄氏１２００度的高温，并在表面涂以高温釉烧制而成。虽然最贵的陶只有几千万，远不及创下纪录的元青花鬼谷下山图罐（２．３亿元），但只言瓷而不论陶，有“数典忘祖”之嫌。此外，陶器极具学术价值。它从一定程度上反映历史的面貌，比如，有彩绘的陶器，不仅使陶有了艺术价值，也见证了人类的绘画史，是我国工艺美术史的开端。虽然陶不如瓷漂亮，但却更具历史价值。

Pottery is the ancestor of porcelain. Without pottery, there would be no vigorous development of porcelain. In the Shang Dynasty ruins more than 3000 years ago, primitive blue porcelain was found, which is the earliest porcelain in China. It was born thousands of years later than pottery. Although porcelain originates from pottery, it is not the same as pottery. There are great differences between the two in terms of materials and firing environment: pottery is mainly made of clay, the firing temperature is generally no more than 1000 ℃, the tire is relatively coarse and loose, the surface of the pottery is generally unglazed or only coated with low temperature glaze; porcelain is made of kaolin and other raw materials, after a high temperature of at least 1200 ℃, and on the surface It is made of high temperature glaze. Although the most expensive pottery is only tens of millions, far less than the record breaking yuan blue and white ghost Valley downhill pot (230 million yuan), there is a suspicion of "forgetting ancestors" if we only talk about porcelain. In addition, pottery is of great academic value. To a certain extent, it reflects the face of history. For example, pottery with colored paintings not only has artistic value, but also witnesses the history of human painting, which is the beginning of the history of Arts and crafts in China. Although pottery is not as beautiful as porcelain, it has more historical value.

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