2020年新加坡拍卖精品推荐----宣统元宝

【藏 品

称】： 宣统元宝 【藏 品 年 代】： 清代

[Collection name]: Xuantong ingot [collection date]: the Qing dynasty

【藏 品 类 型】: 钱 币 【藏 品 信 息】: 直径：4.8厘米 重量：26.7克

Collection type: Coins ··· [collection message]: diameter: 4.8cm, weight: 26.7g

清代货币、纸钞、铜币并行，至嘉庆年间发行新式银元，而光绪年间铸行金、银币更多。洋务运动也影响到铸币业，

两广总督张之洞曾于光绪十三年（1887年）委托使英大臣在英国订购全套造币机器，并在广东钱局首铸机制银元和铜元。其后，各省纷纷仿效，购制国外机械铸造银、铜元。包括广东钱局在内，许多造币机均订购自著名的英国伦敦伯明翰造币有限公司。英国大工业的介入，使银币也沾染上西方色彩。

宣统登基后，开始铸造宣统年号银圆。

1889年，两广总督张之洞在广东设造币厂铸造银元。币面中央是汉文“光绪元宝”四字，周围有九个汉字“广东省库平七钱三分”，后改为七钱二分；背面为蟠龙花纹及英文，通称“龙洋”。曾委托汇丰银行代铸，并定出铸币章程，规定它的轻重大小及配合成色。分为五等：每元重七钱二分，配96%--97%足银；次则三钱六分，减配96%--96%.7成足银；再次则一钱四分四厘、七分二厘、三分六厘三种，均减配96%--96.4%足银。这五等即是后来通称的“一元”、“半元”（五角）、“二角”、“一角”及“五分”银币。起初仅在广东、福建、天津等处流通，后来盛行于上海，这是中国自铸近代银元的开始。

此后，各省群起设厂自铸。1894年中日甲午战争前后，舆论对自铸银元特别支持，康有为等纷纷上书称颂广东、湖北铸币的成效，痛陈洋钱侵蚀之害，认为自铸可以消除银两解库出入之弊，调剂钱之不足，可收利权，裕国利民。有些政府官员还认为是解决财政困难的救急良策。大利所在，不待清廷下令推广，很快就在全国范围内展开。1899年已有十多个省区设厂鼓铸银元。

各省各自为政，管理混乱，银元原来的优点被削弱，形式、重量、成色各省不同，有的差距较大，导致各种银元的市价涨落不定。各省银元都标上了本省省名，因品质不一，互相抵制，流通不畅。各省滥铸，数量过剩。

清廷企图把银元铸造权收归中央，独占铸币盈利。光绪二十五年下令除广东、湖北两局外，其余全部裁撤。但这个措施立即遭到地方势力反对。于是清廷又准许增加北洋、南洋和吉林三局。1905年又设铸造银钱总厂于天津，铸造金银铜三品货币。只留北洋、南洋、广东、湖北四局作为分厂。

“光绪元宝”洋元出现不久，清朝朝野上下发生了银元以“两”还是以“元”为单位的争论，币制未能统一。多数造币厂铸造七钱二分银元，少数造币厂在光绪三十三年（1907年）清政府制定“银币分量成色章程”法定银元为库平壹两后，铸行了部分 “库平壹两” “光绪元宝”。以慈禧太后为首的人认为，银两是祖宗成法，过去仿铸洋元，乃一时权宜之计，不可作为定制，并攻击“元单位”是“上损国体，下失民信，内便中饱，外长漏卮”。竭力主张以两为单位。以度支部尚书载泽和新官僚盛宣怀为首的元单位派则竭力主张：“不用两钱分厘名目，只须以枚计算，期与他国货币相通。为金本位之准备，不宜执行旧日成规。而银钱流转，以商家贸易、民间日用为大宗。国家税收特其一端，若概用一两币制，揆之国计民生程度未能尽合。且货币通弊，重则私熔，亦须预防。”并从分量、成色、币制搭配和市面流通四个方面分析“两单位”不及“元单位”。他们一方面顶住“上谕”，一方面采用迂回战术，继续大造舆论，主张继续铸行龙洋，并于1907年拟订“铸造新银币分量，成色章程”五条，开始在天津厂试铸重七钱二分的银元。

1908年年底，清政府先后两次把银元单位问题征求全国二十四个督抚的意见。赞成“两”单位的十二人，“元”单位的九人，两、元并用的三人。度支部主张设立币制调查局来广泛收集各方意见。不久慈禧、光绪病故，政局变动， “元”单位趁乱出了头。盛宣怀为载泽出谋：币制尚待调查，而民生日用所需，不可一日无交易之物，可暂时先照早已通用的银元（即龙洋），成色96%--97%分量不变。

他们还拟订统一币制办法，由中央银行统一币制。在办法中设计的纸币、金币、银币和镍铜币，完全采用西法。其中银元分五等，一元银币重七钱二分，含纯银六钱四分八厘。接着发动上海总商会上书清廷，强烈反对铸一两重银币。在内外夹攻下，摄政王企图行新政收买人心，令度支部再议币制，载泽就全盘否定了两单位。

因此，在宣统年代，只有七钱二分的“宣统元宝”银元，而没有一两的“宣统元宝”银元。

In the Qing Dynasty, currency, paper money, and copper coins were parallel, and a new type of silver dollar was issued during Jiaqing, and more gold and silver coins were cast during the Guangxu period. The Westernization Movement also affected the coinage industry,

The Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, Zhang Zhidong, had commissioned the British Minister to order a full set of coinage machines in the United Kingdom in the thirteenth year of Guangxu (1887), and first made machine-made silver and copper dollars at the Guangdong Money Bureau. Since then, the provinces have followed suit and purchased foreign machinery to cast silver and copper dollars. Including the Guangdong Money Bureau, many mints were ordered from the famous Birmingham Mint Ltd. in London, England. The involvement of British industry has made silver coins also contaminated with Western colors.

After Xuantong was enthroned, he began to cast Xuantong Year Number Silver Circle.

In 1889, Governor Zhang Zhidong of Guangdong and Guangxi set up a mint in Guangdong to cast silver dollars. In the center of the coin face is the Chinese character "Guangxu Yuanbao", surrounded by nine Chinese characters "Guangdong Kuping seven money three points", which was later changed to seven money two points; the back is the dragon pattern and English, commonly known as "Long Yang". He once entrusted HSBC to replace the coin and set out the regulations for coinage, stipulating its weight, size and color. Divided into five grades: each dollar weighs seven cents and two points, with 96% -97% of pure silver; the second is three cents and six points, with a reduction of 96%-96%. 70% of pure silver; once again, one cent and four cents There are 96% -96.4% reduction in pure silver in three centimetres, seven cents two cents and three cents six cents. These fifth grades were later known as "one dollar", "half yuan" (five cents), "two cents", "one dime" and "five cents" silver coins. At first, it was only circulated in Guangdong, Fujian, Tianjin and other places, and later it was popular in Shanghai. This is the beginning of China's self-casting of modern silver dollars.

Since then, various provinces have set up factories to self-cast. Before and after the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894, public opinion gave special support to the self-produced silver dollar. Kang Youwei and others wrote to praise the effectiveness of Guangdong and Hubei's coinage, and suffered from the erosion of foreign money. Insufficient, the right to profit can be collected, the country can benefit the people. Some government officials also believe that it is a good first aid for solving financial difficulties. Da Li is not waiting for the Qing court to order promotion, and it will soon start nationwide. In 1899, more than ten provinces and autonomous regions have set up factories to cast silver dollars.

Each province has its own policies and management is chaotic. The original advantages of the silver dollar are weakened. The form, weight and quality of the province are different. Some of the gaps are large, resulting in the fluctuation of the market price of various silver dollars. Each province's silver dollar is marked with the name of the province, because of the different quality, they resist each other and the circulation is not smooth. The provinces are indiscriminately casting, and the quantity is surplus.

The Qing court attempted to recapture the silver coin casting rights to the central government and monopolize the profitability of the coinage. In the twenty-five years of Guangxu, all but Guangdong and Hubei were ordered to be abolished. But this measure was immediately opposed by local forces. So the Qing court approved the addition of Beiyang, Nanyang and Jilin. In 1905, the foundry of casting silver money was established in Tianjin to cast gold, silver, copper and third-grade currency. Only the four bureaus of Beiyang, Nanyang, Guangdong and Hubei are left as branches.

Soon after the appearance of the "Guangxu Yuanbao" foreign currency, there was a dispute between the Qing Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty about whether the silver dollar was based on "two" or "yuan", and the currency system could not be unified. Most mints minted seven yuan and two cents of silver dollars, and a few mints made a part of the "Kuping One" after the Qing government in the 33rd year of Guangxu (1907) enacted the "Silver Coin Weights Charter" as the legal silver dollar. Two "" Guangxu Yuanbao ". The people headed by the Empress Dowager Cixi believed that the silver and silver were the ancestors ’laws. In the past, the imitation of foreign currency was a temporary expediency and could not be used as a custom. , The foreign minister leaks. " Try to advocate two units. The meta-unit faction headed by Shang Shuzai Ze and the new bureaucracy Sheng Xuanhuai tried to advocate: "There is no need to use two cents for the item. It only needs to be counted in pieces, and the period is connected to the currency of other countries. For the preparation of the gold standard, it is not appropriate to implement the old rules. The circulation of silver money is mainly based on merchant trade and private daily use. One end of the country ’s tax revenue, if one or two currencies are used, the degree of national economy and people ’s livelihood cannot be matched. And currency deficiencies, more importantly, private financing, must also be prevented. It also analyzes that "two units" are inferior to "yuan units" in terms of weight, quality, currency mix and market circulation. On the one hand, they withstood the "Shangyu", on the other hand, they adopted roundabout tactics, continued to create public opinion, and advocated continuing to cast Longyang. In 1907, they formulated five "casting new silver coin weights and color regulations" and began trial casting at the Tianjin factory. Seven dollars and two cents of silver dollars.

At the end of 1908, the Qing government twice sought the opinions of the 24 governors of the country on the issue of silver dollar units. Twelve people in favor of the "two" unit, nine people in the "yuan" unit, and three people using two and two yuan together. The degree branch advocates the establishment of a currency investigation bureau to collect opinions from all parties. Soon Cixi and Guangxu died, and the political situation changed, and the "Yuan" unit took advantage of the chaos. Sheng Xuanhuai conspired for Zai Ze: the currency system is yet to be investigated, and it is not necessary for people ’s birthdays to have no transactions in one day. You can temporarily take the silver dollar (that is, Longyang) that has been used for a while, and the color is 96% -97%. change.

They also worked out a unified currency system, with the central bank unifying the currency system. The banknotes, gold coins, silver coins, and nickel-copper coins designed in the method are completely Western-style. Among them, the silver dollar is divided into five grades, the one dollar silver coin weighs seven cents and two cents, and the pure silver contains six cents and four cents. Then he mobilized the Shanghai General Chamber of Commerce to write to the Qing court and strongly opposed casting one or two heavy silver coins. Under the attack from inside and outside, the regent king tried to adopt the New Deal to buy people's hearts, so that the branch would discuss the currency system again, and Zai Ze denied all two units.

Therefore, in the Xuantong era, there were only seven yuan and two cents of "Xuantong Yuanbao" silver dollars, but no one or two "Xuantong Yuanbao" silver dollars.

2020年4月25日