弘锦堂-元末明初堆塑红釉青花凤穿花梅瓶----精品推荐

 

说到元代瓷器，人们自然会想到元代青花，实际上，元代创烧的卵白釉瓷也是朝廷定烧的一种高档瓷器，在当时极富盛名。卵白釉是在宋代景德镇青白釉的基础上发展而成，其色白微青，呈失透状，颇似鸭蛋壳色，故称之为"卵白釉"，枢府瓷器一般是卵白釉 ，而近日本公司遇见一位收藏人士刘先生，刚好收藏有一件官窑枢府的红釉和青花两者相结合的瓷器，名为堆塑红釉青花凤穿花梅瓶，他的整个制造工艺十分精致，两只凤凰惟妙惟肖，穿行于缠枝花卉纹之间，堆塑的两条龙 风格迥异，安静的游走在瓶身之上，枢府两个大字大气凌然，宫廷风范。卵白釉深受元代朝廷的喜爱，常命景德镇窑烧制供官府使用，"有命则供，否则止"，传世品以元代最高军事机构"枢密院"定烧的卵白釉瓷为多见，枢密院定烧瓷在盘、碗器的纹饰中印有"枢"、"府"二字，故卵白釉又称之为"枢府"釉。

When it comes to Yuan Dynasty porcelain, people naturally think of Yuan Dynasty blue and white flowers. In fact, the egg white glaze porcelain created by Yuan Dynasty was also a kind of high-grade porcelain burned by the court, which was very famous at that time. The egg white glaze was developed on the basis of Jingdezhen green and white glaze in the Song Dynasty. Its color was white and slightly green, and it was rather like duck egg shell color, so it was called "egg white glaze ". Near the Japanese company met a collector, Mr. Liu, who had a red glaze and blue and white porcelain, called a pile of red glaze Phoenix blue and white flowers and plum bottles. His whole manufacturing process was very delicate, two Phoenix vividly walked through the Phoenix Between the twigs and flowers, the two dragon styles very different in style, quietly walking on the bottle, the two big characters in the city, court style. The egg white glaze was deeply loved by the court of Yuan Dynasty, and the Jingdezhen kiln was often ordered to be fired for use by the government ," if you have a life, otherwise you will stop ". The egg white glaze is also called the "pivot" glaze.

在元朝制瓷工艺取得许多成就当中，枢府釉瓷器是其中的一种。称这种瓷器为"枢府"釉，主要是生活在元朝和明初的曹昭，在洪武时期写的《格古要论》一书，该书《古饶器》条中说:"元朝烧小足印花者，内有'枢府'字者高。"曹昭是看到了印花中有字样的瓷器而写的。后人相沿成袭将此器称为枢府釉瓷。曹昭根据所见实物而给予相应的称谓没有错。而清人蓝浦在《景德镇陶录》中将其专门列为一个条目，称为"枢府釉"则没有根据。一则考古工作者历年来的考古调查和发掘至今没有发现专门烧枢府瓷的窑址，二则"枢府"是院的简称。它的职能绝对不能去管景德镇的一种瓷器烧制的作坊，枢密院更不可能到景德镇去办窑。枢密院这个机构历史很早，唐朝代宗李豫时期就开设枢密使，由宦官管理，主要接受臣僚的表奏。到五代时期的后梁设置崇政院，后唐改设枢密院。宋代继续有枢密院，权力很大，成为最高国务机构，重大军事行动、边防要塞、民兵、军马、对外交涉的外交事务都由它管，与中书省平起平坐，称为"二府"。辽代管理兵部衙门称"北枢密使"，管理吏部的衙门称为"南枢密院"，管理汉人地区兵马大事的称为"汉枢密院"。元代枢密院主要掌管军事机密、边防、军队调遣、武官升迁及宫廷禁卫等事务，秩从一品。蓝浦说:"元之进御器，民所供造者，有命则陶，土必细白腻，质尚薄。式多小足印花，亦有戗金五花者;其大足器则莹素。又有高足碗，蒲唇弄弦等碟、马蹄盘、耍盂各名式。器内皆作'枢府'字号，当时亦仿造，然所贡者俱千中选十，百中选一，非民窑可逮。"专门烧枢府瓷的单独的枢府窑是不存在的，但从众多枢府类型的卵白釉瓷器分析，景德镇生产枢府釉瓷器是浮梁瓷局管辖下的官窑作坊，生产多种产品，其中就包括枢府釉瓷。"有命则陶"说明这种官窑不是常年生产，上面有令下来就开窑生产，可烧制宫廷用瓷，如瓷印有"太禧"字样的瓷器，是为元代皇宫太禧宗禋院专烧制的。有"枢府"字样器是为枢密院烧制的，还有为其他官府烧制的。品质优秀，"千中选十，百中选一"，官府挑选以后才在民间销售。民办瓷窑作坊也有仿制，所以枢府釉瓷器下来不多。

Among the many achievements in the porcelain making process of Yuan Dynasty, Shufu glazed porcelain is one of them. This kind of porcelain is called "Shufu" glaze, mainly Cao Zhao, who lived in the Yuan Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty. "Cao Zhao read the printed porcelain. Later generations along the attack called this device Shufu glaze porcelain. Cao Zhao according to what he saw and give the corresponding title is not wrong. The Qing Dynasty Lanpu in "Jingdezhen Tao Lu" specifically listed as an entry, called "Shufu glaze" is not based. An Examination The archaeological investigation and excavation of ancient workers over the years have not found the kiln site specially burned pivot house porcelain, and the second "pivot house" is the abbreviation of the courtyard. Its function must not be to control Jingdezhen a porcelain firing workshop, the Privy Council is not likely to go to Jingdezhen kiln. The Privy Council, an institution with an early history, opened a Privy Council in the Tang Dynasty, under the management of eunuchs, and mainly accepted the watch of his staff. To the five dynasties after the establishment of Chongzheng Yuan, the post-Tang changed to the Privy Council. In the Song Dynasty, the Privy Council continued to have great power and became the highest state organ. It was responsible for major military operations, frontier fortress, militia, military horses and foreign affairs Guan, and Zhongshu province on an equal footing, called "two houses ". In the Liao Dynasty, the Yamen of the Department of military Affairs was called the "North Pivot ", the Yamen of the Department of officials was called the" South Pivot House ", and the one who managed the great affairs of soldiers and horses in the Han people's area was called the "Han Pivot House ". The Privy Council of the Yuan Dynasty was mainly in charge of military secrets, border defense, military dispatch, military promotion and court guard. Lanpu said :" Yuan into the imperial ware, the people for the creation, there is life is pottery, the soil will be fine white greasy, thin quality. Type many small foot printing, but also the gold five flowers; its big foot is clear. There are also high-footed bowl, lips and other dishes, hoof plate, play each type. All in the device are'Pu Fu' name, when Time also imitated, but the tribute of a thousand selected ten ,100 selected one, non-min kiln can be used. "A separate Shufu kiln dedicated to the burning of Shufu porcelain does not exist, but from the analysis of many Shufu types of egg white glaze porcelain, Jingdezhen production of Shufu glaze porcelain is under the jurisdiction of the Fuliang porcelain Bureau of the official kiln workshop, producing a variety of products, including Shufu glaze porcelain. This kind of official kiln is not produced all the year round. It can be produced by firing palace porcelain, such as porcelain with the word "Taixi ", which is specially made for the Yuan Dynasty imperial palace Taixi Zong Yuan. The "Pivot House" was fired for the Privy Council and for other government offices The quality is excellent ," ten out of a thousand, one out of a hundred ", the government after the selection of private sales. Private porcelain kiln workshop also has imitation, so Shufu glaze porcelain down not many.

此件堆塑红釉青花凤穿花梅瓶，高38cm，口径3.7cm。底足13.3cm..他的整个制造工艺十分精致，两只凤凰惟妙惟肖，穿行于缠枝花卉纹之间，堆塑的两条龙 风格迥异，安静的游走在瓶身之上，枢府两个大字大气凌然，宫廷风范，非常具有收藏和投资价值，

折叠将其专门列为一个条目，称为"枢府釉"则没有根据。一则考古工作者历年来的考古调查和发掘至今没有发现专门烧枢府瓷的窑址，二则"枢府"是院的简称。它的职能绝对不能去管景德镇的一种瓷器烧制的作坊，枢密院更不可能到景德镇去办窑。枢密院这个机构历史很早，唐朝代宗李豫时期就开设枢密使，由宦官管理，主要接受臣僚的表奏。到五代时期的后梁设置崇政院，后唐改设枢密院。宋代继续有枢密院，权力很大，成为最高国务机构，重大军事行动、边防要塞、民兵、军马、对外交涉的外交事务都由它管，与中书省平起平坐，称为"二府"。辽代管理兵部衙门称"北枢密使"，管理吏部的衙门称为"南枢密院"，管理汉人地区兵马大事的称为"汉枢密院"。元代枢密院主要掌管军事机密、边防、军队调遣、武官升迁及宫廷禁卫等事务，秩从一品。蓝浦说:"元之进御器，民所供造者，有命则陶，土必细白腻，质尚薄。式多小足印花，亦有戗金五花者;其大足器则莹素。又有高足碗，蒲唇弄弦等碟、马蹄盘、耍盂各名式。器内皆作'枢府'字号，当时亦仿造，然所贡者俱千中选十，百中选一，非民窑可逮。

长期以来，因“枢府”瓷传世品极少，元代“枢府”瓷仅为文博界所了解认识，1982年在安徽省歙县曾出土一批窑藏元代“枢府”瓷，

其中有折腰碗、盘，为人们进一步认识元代“枢府”瓷提供了十分珍贵的实物资料，引起了国内外陶瓷界的极大关注，故宫博物院古陶瓷专家看后给予了极高的评价。

元人尚白，枢府釉瓷器大量生产与元人尚白的习俗有密切关系，以蒙古贵族为主的封建政权，和其他时代汉人政权一样，整个社会有层层阶梯，枢府釉也分为不同的等级。

This plasticized red-glaze blue-and-white phoenix wearing plum bottle ,38 cm, caliber 3.7 cm. high Bottom foot 13.3 cm.. his whole manufacturing process is very delicate, two Phoenix vividly, through the twined flowers between the two dragon style is very different, quietly walking on the bottle, the two big characters in the capital atmosphere, court style, very valuable for collection and investment,

 

Folding specifically lists it as an entry, called "pivot glaze ", is unfounded. An archaeological investigation and excavation by archaeologists over the years has not found a kiln site dedicated to burning pivot porcelain, and the second is the abbreviation of the courtyard. Its function must not be to control Jingdezhen a porcelain firing workshop, the Privy Council is not likely to go to Jingdezhen kiln. The Privy Council, an institution with an early history, opened a Privy Council in the Tang Dynasty, under the management of eunuchs, and mainly accepted the watch of his staff. To the five dynasties after the establishment of Chongzheng Yuan, the post-Tang changed to the Privy Council. The Song Dynasty continued to have the Privy Council, with great power, Major military operations, border strongholds, militia, military horses, foreign diplomatic affairs are managed by it, on an equal footing with the province of Zhongshu, known as the "two prefectures ". In the Liao Dynasty, the Yamen of the Department of military Affairs was called the "North Pivot ", the Yamen of the Department of officials was called the" South Pivot House ", and the one who managed the great affairs of soldiers and horses in the Han people's area was called the "Han Pivot House ". The Privy Council of the Yuan Dynasty was mainly in charge of military secrets, border defense, military dispatch, military promotion and court guard. Lanpu said :" Yuan into the imperial ware, the people for the creation, there is life is pottery, the soil will be fine white greasy, thin quality. Type many small foot printing, but also the gold five flowers; its big foot is clear. And a high - foot bowl The dish, the hoof dish, and the spoon. Inside the device are'Pu Fu' name, at that time also imitated, but the tribute of a thousand selected ten ,100 selected one, non-min kiln can be used.

 

For a long time, due to the "Shufu" porcelain heritage is very few, the Yuan Dynasty "Shufu" porcelain is only understood by the Wenbo community, in 1982 in Jiaxian County, Anhui Province, unearthed a number of kiln Tibetan Yuan Dynasty "Shufu" porcelain,

 

There are folding bowls and plates, which provide a very precious material for people to further understand the Yuan Dynasty "Shufu" porcelain, which has attracted great attention from the ceramic industry at home and abroad.

 

第一，等级最高、质量最精美的枢府釉瓷器，以皇帝为首的宫廷御用器，表现宫廷艺术的气质。

如装饰有龙凤纹样，尤其五爪龙纹、戗金龙纹、有福寿、万寿、福禄、太禧等铭款的作品。从工艺特点来看端庄敦厚，典雅大方，胎体洁白致密，釉层较厚，温润如玉，作工精巧，一丝不苟。

第二，特定的官府衙门专用器，生产得最多的是枢府釉瓷器，在器物内里趁坯体湿润时，用印模压印出缠枝花卉，在花卉中出现“枢府”二字，花纹主要是植物类缠枝花卉。

第三，贵族及社会上层使用的枢府瓷。那些饰三爪、四爪龙纹的器物应该是宫廷、亲王、贵族类显赫类人物使用的。还有“王”、“玉”、“德”、“国用”、“江夏”等特殊铭款的器物。

第四，普遍商品用瓷。枢府釉瓷既然是生活用具，是手工业产品，作坊一建立就要不间断地生产。

前三种需求量必然有限，而且封建官府掠夺性很强，经常是订烧，或到作坊中挑选都是不给钱，或象征性的给一点钱，这就使得作坊根本就不能维持正常生产运作。

First, the highest grade, the most exquisite quality of the Shufu glaze porcelain, led by the emperor of the court imperial ware, the performance of court art temperament.

Such as decorated with dragon and Phoenix patterns, especially the five-claw dragon lines, gold dragon lines, Fu Shou, longevity, Fu Lu, Taixi and other inscription works. From the technical characteristics of the end of the thick, elegant and generous, the body white dense, glaze layer thicker, warm as jade, exquisite, meticulous.

Second, the specific government Yamen special equipment, the most produced is the Shufu glaze porcelain, in the utensils while the body wet, with impression imprinting out twigs and flowers, in the flowers appear "Shufu" two characters, the pattern is mainly plant twined flowers.

Third, aristocrats and the upper class of society used the pivot porcelain. The objects decorated with the three-claw and four-claw dragon patterns should be used by the court, the prince, the aristocratic class of prominent figures. There are also "king "," jade "," virtue "," national use "," Jiangxia" and other special inscription objects.

Fourth, universal commodity porcelain. Since Shufu glazed porcelain is a living appliance and a handicraft product, the workshop must be produced without interruption.

 

 

器物种类和造型特点：器物种类和青花瓷器一致，多数是日常生活用具，如侈口深腹碗，造型特点是口微侈，唇沿较薄，腹体深而宽，平底，胎体厚实，坚固耐用，圈足较小而厚，足底中心有镟挖足时在底心留下一个“脐带状”的小突起。

元代“枢府”瓷制作规整，品质优良，多有印花装饰，纹饰题材以云龙和缠枝花卉纹为常见，因“枢府”釉属乳浊釉，故纹饰不太清晰。

“枢府”瓷与民用的卵白釉瓷相比，显得尤为精致，修足规整，足底无釉，底心有乳钉状凸起，胎体厚薄适中，是至今所知元代官用之器的名品。

元代卵白釉的出现，为青花、釉里红奠定了基础，虽然它让位给了青花瓷，但它在中国陶瓷发展史上依然为人们所赞美。 Types and modeling characteristics: the types of utensils are consistent with blue and white porcelain, most of them are daily living utensils, such as mouth deep belly bowl. The shape is characterized by slight extravagance, thin lip edge, deep and wide abdomen, flat bottom, thick, durable, small and thick feet.

Yuan Dynasty "Shufu" porcelain production is regular, good quality, more printing decoration, decoration theme to Yunlong and twined flowers as common, because "Shufu" glaze is opacified glaze, so the decoration is not very clear.

Compared with the white-glaze porcelain, the "Shufu" porcelain is particularly delicate, with regular foot repair, no glaze on the plantar, milk-nailed protuberance on the base and moderate thickness of the body.

The appearance of egg white glaze in Yuan Dynasty laid the foundation for blue and white flowers and red glaze. Although it gave way to blue and white porcelain, it was still praised in the history of Chinese ceramic development.