清仿汝窑净瓶

净瓶(梵名 kalasa)。指以陶或金属等制造,用以容水的器具,为比丘十八物之一,盛水供饮用或洗濯,又称水瓶或澡瓶。在《敕修百丈清规氏要览》中说:"净瓶,梵语军迟,此云瓶,常贮水随身,用以净手。"《寄归传》说:"军持有二:若瓷瓦者是净用,若铜铁者是触用。"《祖庭事苑》云:"净瓶,《四分律》云:'有此丘遇无水处,水或有虫,渴杀。佛知制戒,令持触净二瓶,以护命故。'"《千手千眼观世音菩萨大悲心陀罗尼》以其为千手观音四十手持物之一。又,胎藏界轻荼罗诸尊中,中台八叶院之弥勒菩萨、观音院之毗俱胝菩萨及不空罥索菩萨、苏悉地院之十一面观自在菩萨,及外金刚部之火天等,皆持军持。

Clean bottle (Brahman Kalasa).Refers to a vessel made of clay or metal for holding water. It is one of the 18 articles of the bhikkhu and holds water for drinking or washing. It is also called a flask or bath jar.In the "Restich 100 zhang clean rules of the general view" said :" clean bottle, Sanskrit army late, this cloud bottle, often store water, to clean hands.It is said in Ji Guizhuan that "the army holds two things: porcelain tiles are for pure use, and copper and iron are for touch use.""The Court of Ancestors" said, "The bottle is clean." "The Four Rules" said, "If there is no water on this hill, there may be insects in the water and they are thirsty to kill.Buddha knowledge system ring, make hold touch net two bottles, in order to protect life.'" The Great Compassion Heart Toroni of Guanyin Bodhisattva with Thousand Hands and Thousand Eyes regards it as one of the forty hand-held objects of Guanyin with Thousand Hands.In addition, among the dala deities in the feta kingdom, maitreya bodhisattva of the central tai baya temple, vikuti bodhisattva and bukongsoo bodhisattva of the guanyin temple, the eleven facets of the sukishi bodhisattva, and the fire heaven of the outer vajra ministry all held military support.

汝窑,宋代五大名窑之一,因窑址位于宋时河南汝州境内而得名,今河南省宝丰县大营镇清凉寺村和汝州市张公巷均发现汝窑烧造。汝瓷位居宋代"汝、官、哥、钧、定"五大名窑之首,在中国陶瓷史上素有"汝窑为魁"之称。汝窑是中华传统制瓷著名瓷种之一,中国北宋时期皇家主要代表瓷器。汝瓷造型古朴大方,以名贵玛瑙为釉,色泽独特,有"玛瑙为釉古相传"的赞誉。随光变幻,观其釉色,犹如"雨过天晴云破处","千峰碧波翠色来"之美妙,土质细润,坯体如侗体其釉厚而声如磬,明亮而不刺目。器表呈蝉翼纹细小开片,有"梨皮、蟹爪、芝麻花"之特点,被世人称为"似玉、非玉、而胜玉"。宋、元、明、清以来,宫廷汝瓷用器,内库所藏,视若珍宝、可与商彝周鼎比贵。

1952年,周恩来总理指示"发展祖国文化遗产、恢复汝窑生产"。经过上百次实验和研究,1958年烧制出第一批豆绿釉工艺品,1983年8月汝窑天蓝釉经过专家鉴定,均达到和超过宋代汝窑水平。从此,汝瓷成了汝州市人的一张名片。

Ru Kiln, one of the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty, got its name because it was located in Ruzhou, Henan Province in the Song Dynasty. Today, Ru Kiln was found in Qingliangsi Village, Dayin Town, Baofeng County, Henan Province, and in Zhanggong Lane, Ruzhou City.Ru porcelain ranked first among the five famous kilns of "Ru, Guan, Ge, Jun and Ding" in the Song Dynasty, and was known as "Ru kiln is the leader" in the history of Chinese ceramics.Ru kiln is one of the famous traditional Chinese porcelain, the main representative of the royal porcelain in the Northern Song Dynasty of China.Ru porcelain modeling is simple and generous, with precious agate for glaze, color and lustre is unique, there is "agate for glaze ancient legend" praise.With the light changes, the view of its glaze, like "after a storm, the clouds break", "Qianfeng green waves green color to" the wonderful, fine soil, the blank body as Dong body its thick glaze and sound such as qing, bright but not dazzling.It is characterized by "pear skin, crab claw and sesame-flower", and is known as "like jade, not jade, but better than jade".Since the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, your porcelain ware in the court has been regarded as a treasure, which can be more expensive than the Zhou tripods of Shang Yi.

In 1952, Premier Zhou Enlai gave instructions to "develop the cultural heritage of the motherland and restore the production of Ru Kiln".After hundreds of experiments and research, the first batch of bean green glaze handicrafts were fired in 1958. In August 1983, the sky blue glaze of Ru Kiln was identified by experts, which reached and exceeded the level of Ru Kiln in the Song Dynasty.Since then, your porcelain has become a name card of Ruzhou people.

在中国文明发展史上,宋代文化占有极其重要的历史地位,汝瓷文化又是宋代文化的一个重要组成部分。它以其工艺精巧,造型秀美,釉面蕴润,高雅素净的丰韵而独具风采,在我国青瓷发展史上,是一个划时代的重要标志。明代的曹昭在《格古要论》里这样说:"汝窑器,出北地,宋时烧者。淡青色,有蟹爪纹者真,无纹者尤好,土脉滋媚,薄甚亦难得。"这说出了汝窑的一些基本特征。

造型

汝窑瓷器造型有盘、碗、瓶、洗、尊、盏托、水仙盆等。其中瓶的变化较为丰富,有纸槌瓶、玉壶春瓶、胆瓶等多种。汝窑器有瓶、尊、盏托、碗、盘、洗、奁、水仙盆等日用器,少数还有堆花、印花等装饰,底部更有青花年号款,多是用刀笔刻画,和印花、模印等工艺。如:天青花草纹鹅颈瓶、粉青履莲盏托、天青莲花瓣深腹盂、天青牡丹花龙纹钵、莲花纹钵、辐射纹荷叶器座、辐射纹敛口花钵(藏河南),暗花双鱼盘(藏英国)。另外,在传世品的个别器物上还出现有文字。如:"奉华"二字多见于尊、瓶、碟之上。"蔡丙"、"宁"则是见于小碟与洗上。文字虽不是装饰,但仍提高了对器物的鉴赏意趣,其中"奉华"应是宋奉华宫的专用物。器形又分裹足、平底、三足、凹足、葵口、窄板沿和宽板沿诸种。盘分有裹足、凹足、平底、直口和荷花口数种。还有三足洗、弦纹尊(奁)、套盒、尊、方壶、圆壶等,还有为数不多的莲花器座、荷叶器座、镂孔器、鸟、龙等瓷塑工艺品。也用花、鸟、虫、鱼装饰来满足皇亲贵族们的闲情逸趣。

In the development history of Chinese civilization, the Song Dynasty culture occupies an extremely important historical position, Ru porcelain culture is an important part of the Song Dynasty culture.It is an epoch-making symbol in the history of celadon development in China because of its exquisite workmanship, beautiful shape, smooth glaze and elegant and pure charm.In Gegu Yaolun, Cao Zhao of the Ming Dynasty said, "Ru kiln wares go out of the north and are burned in Song Dynasty.Pale blue color, with crab claw lines really, no lines especially good, soil pulse Zi Mei, thin even rare.This points out some of the basic characteristics of Ru Kiln.

Among them, there are many kinds of bottle, such as paper hammer bottle, jade spring bottle, bile bottle and so on.Ru kiln wares have daily utensils such as bottles, honors, cups, bowls, dishes, washing, boxes, and narcissus basins. A few of them also have decorations such as stacking flowers and printing. At the bottom, there are blue and white year numbers, which are mostly carved with knives and pens, and printing and mold printing processes.Such as: azure flower pattern gooseneck bottle, pink and green lotus cup holder, azure flower petal deep belly cavity, azure peony dragon pattern bowl, lotus pattern bowl, radiative pattern lotus leaf holder, radiative pattern collecting mouth flower bowl (hide Henan), dark pattern double fish plate (hide England).In addition, there are words on the individual utensils of the handed down products.For example, the word "Feng Hua" is often seen on honor, bottle and dish.Cai Bing and Ning are found in small dishes and washes.Although the writing is not decoration, it still enhances the appreciation of utensils, among which "Fenghua" should be the special object of the Fenghua Palace in the Song Dynasty.The shape of the device can be divided into wrapping foot, flat bottom, three-foot, concave foot, sunflower mouth, narrow plate and wide plate.There are several kinds of plate, such as wrapping foot, concave foot, flat bottom, straight mouth and lotus mouth.There are also three foot washing, string grain (box), set boxes, respect, square pot, round pot, and a small number of lotus, lotus leaf, engraving hole, birds, dragons and other porcelain plastic crafts.Also with flowers, birds, insects, fish decoration to meet the leisure of the royal aristocracy.Since then, your porcelain has become a name card of Ruzhou people.

胎釉

汝窑瓷器胎均为灰白色,深浅有别,都与燃烧后的香灰相似,故俗称"香灰胎"这是鉴定汝窑瓷器的要点之一。

汝窑瓷釉基本色调是一种淡淡的天青色,俗称"鸭蛋壳青色",釉层不厚,随造型的转折变化,呈现浓淡深浅的层次变化。釉面开裂纹片,多为错落有致的极细纹片,俗称为"蝉翼纹"。

汝瓷胎质细腻,胎土中含有微量铜,迎光照看,微见红色,胎色灰中略带着黄色,俗称"香灰胎",多见汝州蟒川严和店、大峪东沟,汝州文庙、清凉寺等窑址;汝州张公巷汝窑器,胎呈灰白色,比其他窑口的胎色稍白,是北宋官窑的主要特征。

汝瓷为宫廷垄断,制器不计成本,以玛瑙入釉,釉色呈天青、粉青、天蓝色较多,也有豆绿、青绿、月白、桔皮纹等釉色,釉面滋润柔和,纯净如玉,有明显酥油感觉,釉稍透亮,多呈乳浊或结晶状。用放大镜观察,可见到釉下寥若晨星的稀疏气泡,釉面抚之如绢,温润古朴,光亮莹润,釉如堆脂,素静典雅、色泽滋润纯正、纹片晶莹多变为主要特征。视之如碧峰翠色,有似玉非玉之美。釉中多布红晕,有的如晨日出海,有的似夕阳晚霞,有的似雨过天晴,有的如长虹悬空,世称"天青为贵,粉青为尚,天蓝弥足珍贵。"汝州张公巷汝瓷,釉呈天青、粉青,釉色滋润,手感如玉。有青如天 、面如玉、晨星稀的典型特征。

支钉

宋代宫廷用汝窑器物一般均采用满釉支烧,为了避免窑炉内杂质的污染,需用匣钵装好,并将器物用垫圈和支钉垫起,防止与匣钵粘连。高濂的《遵生八笺》说汝窑"底有芝麻细小挣针"。在器物底部可见细如芝麻状的支钉痕三、五、七个,六个支钉的很少,痕迹很浅,大小如粟米。张公巷的器物呈圆形支钉。蟒川严和店、大峪东沟一带汝窑器多无支钉痕,个别碗、套盒、凹足钵、洗、器盖等用垫饼支烧工艺。

仿品

后世仿汝窑者始于宣德官窑,署有宣德官窑款,其釉色较宋汝透亮,纹片较宋汝密而规整,且釉面具有宣德特有的橘皮纹。清雍正唐英时再度仿汝窑,多数仿宋汝的天青色,纹片多为蝉翼纹,少有大纹片和无纹片的。唐英时的仿品鉴别时也很容易,因为宋汝为无光釉,清仿品则釉面透亮,所有仿品均隐现一圈蓝色。再者雍正仿品不是仿古作伪,仅是仿其釉色,有些造型则属清代特有,且御窑厂产品多书六字或四字本朝青花篆款,更为鉴定提供了方便。

开片纹

汝瓷开片堪称一绝,开片的形成,开始时是器物于高温焙烧下产生的一种釉表缺陷,行话叫"崩釉"。汝窑的艺术匠师将这种难以控制的、千变万化的釉病,通过人为地操作转换为一种自然美妙的装饰,而且控制的恰到好处,可谓巧夺天工的绝活。釉面开片较细密,多呈斜裂开片,深浅相互交织叠错,像是银光闪闪的片片鱼鳞,或呈蝉翼纹状,给人以排列有序的层次感。釉中细小沙眼呈鱼子纹、芝麻花和蟹爪纹。并有典型的桔皮釉、冰片釉、茶叶沫,部分柳条纹状的开片是因手拉坯辘轳旋转时,使泥料分子排列结构朝一定方向而形成的现象。

工艺特色

汝窑天青釉弦纹樽 ,此樽仿汉代铜樽造型,器形规整,仿古逼真,釉色莹润光洁,浓淡对比自然。瓷樽始于宋,汝窑、定窑、龙泉窑均有烧造,是陈设用品。所见传世宋代汝窑天青釉弦纹樽只有两件,除故宫博物院收藏的这件以外,英国伦敦大维德基金会亦收藏一件。汝窑烧制的汝瓷因为其绝妙的色泽、独特艺术价值,深得帝王欢心,有"宋瓷之冠"的美誉。汝窑又与同期官窑(河南开封)、哥窑(浙江龙泉)、钧窑(河南禹县)、定窑(河北曲阳)合称"宋代五大名窑",位居五大名窑之首。汝窑以传承艺术为己任,采用传统手工制作陶瓷方法,制作一个陶瓷的工序高达十三道,包括淘泥、摞泥、拉坯、印坯、修坯、捺水、画坯、上釉、烧窑、成瓷、成瓷缺陷的修补,做工精细,设计唯美、承艺汝瓷以"釉色层"领先,器型古朴典雅得当,光润有度,由于汝瓷釉层厚,常有开片如鱼鳞、蝉翼状,久用之后茶色会着附于裂纹处,形成不规则的变换交错的花纹,故而手感润滑如脂,似玉非玉之美。

宋人欧阳修在《归田集》中对汝窑的论述:汝窑瓷真正最美的就是釉,不是天青色,而是粉翠,也就是今所说的翠青色。而汝瓷真正的瓷色是半瓷化作的,玻化不明显,器身不透光亮,因此不排除后人把珍品当作"陶"而丢弃,故存世甚稀。而《清波杂志》里宋人周辉对汝窑的精述,汝瓷以釉取胜,当代青瓷不能同比,真品釉色青中泛滥、纯净、温润,釉面隐现出一种柔和含蓄的光泽,它既不同钧瓷的乳光,也不同哥窑的脂光,而是一种类似古玉般内蕴的光泽。当时汝瓷是唯供御拣退方许出卖,近尤难得。现从文献可知,汝瓷也可民用,绝非"严禁民用"之说。对自藏汝窑瓷及由此对整个汝窑作较全面简述的则是明代学者高濂的《燕闲清赏笺》中提及,"汝窑,余尝见之,实为玛瑙末入釉,汁水莹厚如堆脂,然汁中棕眼隐若蟹爪,其釉色有天青、粉青,还有葱绿和天蓝等。粉青为上,天蓝弥足珍贵。有"雨过天晴云破处"之称誉,釉面可视碧玉,也不为过。所有历代青瓷应以汝窑为冠。"

Embryo glaze

Glaze open crack piece, mostly strewn at random have send very fine grain piece, commonly known as "cicada wing grain".

The embryo of Ru porcelain is exquisite, and the embryo soil contains trace copper. When facing the light, it is slightly red, and the embryo color is gray with yellow. It is commonly known as "fragrant gray embryo", and it is commonly seen in Ruzhou Yanhedian, Dayu Donggou, Ruzhou Wenmiao and Qingliang Temple, etc.The kiln ware of Zhanggong Lane in Ruzhou has a grayish white fetus, slightly whiter than that of other kilns, which is the main feature of official kilns in the Northern Song Dynasty.

Ru porcelain is the palace monopoly, the system does not consider the cost, with agate into the glaze, the glaze is azure, pink green, azure more, there are also bean green, green, white, orange peel grain and other glaze, the glaze is moist and soft, pure like jade, there is obvious butter feeling, the glaze is slightly transparent, and more milk turbid or crystallizing.Observation with a magnifying glass, visible under the glaze sparse air bubbles, the glaze is like silk, gentle and simple, bright and jade-like embellish, the glaze is like a pile of fat, plain static elegance, pure color and lustre moist, crystal grain into the main feature.See it as Bi Feng Cui color, there is like the beauty of jade.In the glaze, there is a lot of red, some like the morning sunrise sea, some like the setting sun, some like a sunny day after a storm, some like Changhong hanging in the sky, the world called "blue is precious, pink green is still, blue is precious."Ruzhou zhang gong lane you porcelain, glaze is azure, pink green, moist glaze, feel like jade.Green as the sky, the face like jade, the morning star sparse typical characteristics.

A nail

In order to avoid contamination of impurities in the kiln, the saggers were needed to be packed well, and the saggers were padded with washers and nails to prevent adhesion with the saggers.Gao Lian's "Zhusheng Eight Notes" said that the kiln "has a sesame seed needle at the bottom".There are three, five and seven nail marks in the shape of sesame seed on the bottom of the ware. Six nail marks are very few, and the marks are very shallow, the size of which is like corn.The articles in Zhanggong Lane are round spikes.The kiln wares in Yanhedian, Dayu Donggou area of Monanchuan are mostly without nail marks, and some bowls, sets of boxes, hollow-foot bowls, washers, and vessel covers are used as pad cakes to support the firing process.

replicas

Later generations of Ru kiln imitation began in Xuande official kiln, department has Xuande official kiln, its glaze is more transparent than Song Ru, grain piece is more dense and regular, and the glaze has Xuande's unique orange peel pattern.Qing Yongzheng Tang Ying once again imitated Ru Kiln, most of the Song Ru sky blue, lines for cicada wing lines, few big lines and no lines.Tang Yingshi's imitation is also easy to identify, because Song Ruyou has a matte glaze, while Qing imitation has a transparent glaze, and all the imitation has a faint ring of blue.Moreover, Yongzheng imitation is not an imitation of antiquity, only a copy of its glaze color, some modeling is unique to the Qing Dynasty, and the royal kiln products more books six characters or four characters of this dynasty blue and white seal seal money, more identification provides convenience.

Slitting lines

The opening of your porcelain is a unique one. The formation of the opening is a defect on the surface of the glaze produced by roasting at high temperature at the beginning, called "broken glaze" in the jargon.Ru kiln artists will be difficult to control, the kale-changing glaze disease, through artificial operation into a natural wonderful decoration, and the control is just right, it can be described as a unique skill of extraordinary nature.Glathe opens a finer, show inclined to crack more piece, depth interweaves each other to fold wrong, resemble silvery glitter piece fish scale, or show cicada wing grain, give a person in order to arrange the administrative level feeling.The fine trachoma in the glaze shows the pattern of fish roe, sesame flower and crab claw.In addition, there are typical orange peel glaze, borneol glaze and tea foam. Some of the willow striped slices are formed because the molecular arrangement structure of the mud material is in a certain direction when the hand pulley rotates.

Process characteristics

Ru kiln azure glaze string pattern bottle, this bottle imitates the Han Dynasty copper bottle shape, the shape is regular, antique lifelike, the glaze color is jade-shaped embellish bright and clean, the contrast of shade is natural.Porcelain bottles began in Song Dynasty. Ru Kiln, Ding Kiln and Longquan Kiln were all fired and used as furnishings.There are only two pieces of Ru Kiln's string pattern of azure glaze handed down from the Song Dynasty. In addition to this one collected by the Palace Museum, the Great Vide Foundation in London also collects one.Because of its wonderful color and unique artistic value, Ru porcelain fired by Ru kiln won the favor of the emperor and had the reputation of "the crown of Song porcelain".Ru Kiln, along with Guan Kiln (Kaifeng, Henan Province), Ge Kiln (Longquan, Zhejiang Province), Jun Kiln (Yu County, Henan Province) and Ding Kiln (Quyang, Hebei Province) in the same period, was collectively known as the "Five Famous Kilns of the Song Dynasty", ranking first among the five famous kilns.Your kiln to inheriting the art as own duty, using the traditional methods of handmade ceramic production processes of a ceramic up to 13, including tao, pile of mud, mud slab, billet, billet, hot water, drawing billet, glaze and kiln, porcelain, porcelain defect repair, fine workmanship, design beautiful, ChengYi your porcelain leads, with "glaze layer" proper shape of primitive simplicity and elegant, sleek regularly, because your porcelain glaze layer thick, is open, such as scales, a cicada, after a long time with dark brown will be attached to crackle, form crisscross pattern of irregular change, so feel lubrication, such as fat, like the beauty of jade of jade.

Song man Ouyang Xiu in "return to the field collection" on the elaboration of Ru kiln: Ru kiln porcelain is really the most beautiful glaze, not sky blue, but pink green, which is now known as green.And your porcelain real porcelain color is half porcelain into, glass is not obvious, the body is not transparent light, so do not rule out later generations as a treasure "pottery" and discard, so existence is very rare.In Qing Bo Magazine, Zhou Hui, a person of Song Dynasty, elaborated on your kiln, saying that your porcelain is won by glaze, and contemporary celadon cannot compare with the real porcelain. The glaze color of real porcelain is inundated, pure and warm, and there is a soft and implicit luster on the glaze. It is not the milky light of Jun porcelain, nor the fat light of Ge kiln, but a luster similar to ancient jade.At that time, your porcelain was only available for imperial selection and return and allowed to be sold, especially in recent years.It can be seen from the literature that your porcelain can also be used for civil use, which is by no means "strictly prohibited for civil use".On the self-storage of Ru kiln porcelain and the whole Ru kiln for a more comprehensive description is the Ming Dynasty scholar Gao Lian's "Yan Xian Qing Jian" mentioned, "Ru kiln, I taste, it is the end of the agate into the glaze, juice jade-thick as a pile of fat, but the brown eyes in the juice hidden like crab claw, its glaze color is azure, pink, and green and azure.Pink green for the top, the sky blue is precious.There is a "cloud after a storm" reputation, visible jasper glaze, is not too much.All dynasties celadon should be crowned with Ru Kiln."