和田玉手串

藏品推荐：《和田玉手串》

【名称】《和田玉手串》

【材质】和田玉

【类别】玉器

【藏品内容】

[name] Hetian jade hand string

[material] Hetian jade

[category] jade

[collection content]
 

中国玉文化是中华优秀传统文化的重要组成部分，新疆和田玉是中国玉文化的物资基石，在中国玉文化的传承和发展史上书写了灿烂辉煌的篇章。

Chinese jade culture is an important part of Chinese excellent traditional culture. Hetian jade in Xinjiang is the material cornerstone of Chinese jade culture. It has written a brilliant chapter in the inheritance and development history of Chinese jade culture.

政治文化

玉器刚刚出现之时，只是作为生产工具和原始装饰品。随着生产的发展，产生了贫富分化，导致了阶级的产生和国家的出现，等级观念也随之产生，慢慢地这种产量稀少，美丽耐久的玉器就成为统治阶级专门享有的器物，并赋予了特殊的意义。作为政治等级制度的规范，在春秋战国时期玉器就有了详细的记载，如"六瑞"的使用规定为：王执镇圭，公执桓圭，侯执信圭，伯执躬圭，子执谷璧，男执蒲璧。这些规范是以玉器的形制和尺寸来区分的，镇圭最大，桓圭次之，信圭再次之地位最低的男爵则用具有蒲纹的璧形玉器。秦以后，玉玺成了君权的象征。以玉为玺的制度，一直沿袭到清代。玉玺如此，玉带也有级别规定，唐代就明确规定了官员用玉带的制度。

《新唐书·车服志》中记载了“以紫为三品之服，金玉带挎十三；绯为四品之服，金带挎十一；浅绯为五品之服，金带挎十一”。可见，从原始社会末期至清代，某些玉器一直是作为政治等级制度的重要标志器物。 

Political culture

At the time of its appearance, jade was only used as a production tool and original ornament. With the development of production, the polarization between the rich and the poor has resulted in the emergence of class and state, and the concept of hierarchy has also emerged. Slowly, this kind of production is rare, and beautiful and durable jade has become a special tool enjoyed by the ruling class, and given special significance. As a standard of political hierarchy, jade wares were recorded in detail in the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period. For example, the use of "six Rui" was stipulated as follows: Wang zhizhengui, Gong zhihuangui, Hou zhixingui, Bo zhibowgui, Zi zhigubi, male zhipubi. These norms are distinguished by the shape and size of the jade. Zhengui is the largest, huangui is the second, and Xingui is the lowest. The Baron uses the Bi jade with PU pattern. After Qin Dynasty, the seal became a symbol of monarchy. The system of taking the jade as the seal continued until the Qing Dynasty. As for the jade seal, there are also regulations on the level of the jade belt. In the Tang Dynasty, the system for officials to use the jade belt was clearly defined.

In the book of new Tang Dynasty, it is recorded that "purple is the clothing of three grades, and gold jade is the clothing of thirteen; Fei is the clothing of four grades, and gold belt is the clothing of eleven; shallow Fei is the clothing of five grades, and gold belt is the clothing of eleven". It can be seen that from the end of the primitive society to the Qing Dynasty, some jades have always been important symbols of the political hierarchy.

道德品质

道德赋予玉文化从产生之时，就用玉赋予了道德观，所谓“君子比德于玉，君子佩玉”等都是对玉进行人格化。玉的道德内涵在西周初年就已产生，从那时起，发展了一整套用玉道德观，将其理念化、系统化是在孔子创立儒家学说以后，儒家的用玉观一直贯穿了整个中国封建社会，深深根植于人们的头脑中。儒家道德以其涵盖仁、义、礼、智、信而著称。玉道德便以其为本，象征着伦理观念中高尚品德和情操。在这当中，就有很多古代劳动人民创造出来与玉有关的字，多表示美好、崇高的意思。例如，经常有人用“宁为玉碎，不为瓦全”来比喻某人高尚的情操和凛然气节。中华民族对玉的偏爱、宣传、推崇，被思想家理念化后，具有顽强的生命力，历代统治阶级都加以利用。玉的道德和人格化，广泛被民众所接受，是玉器长盛不衰的一个重要原因。 

Moral character

From the time when the culture of moral endowing jade came into being, it used jade to endow moral concepts. The so-called "gentlemen compare virtue with jade, gentlemen wear jade" and so on all personify jade. The moral connotation of jade came into being in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Since then, a whole set of moral concept of jade use has been developed. After Confucius founded Confucianism, the concept of jade use of Confucianism has been throughout the whole feudal society of China, deeply rooted in people's minds. Confucian morality is famous for its coverage of benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith. Jade morality is based on it, which symbolizes the noble morality and sentiment in ethics. Among them, there are many ancient working people who created jade Related words, which mostly express beautiful and noble meanings. For example, it is often used to describe someone's noble sentiment and awe inspiring integrity. After being idealized by thinkers, the Chinese nation's preference, propaganda and admiration for jade has tenacious vitality, which has been used by the ruling classes of all dynasties. The morality and personification of jade are widely accepted by the people, which is an important reason for the long-term prosperity of jade.

文化价值

和田玉用来比喻君子的美好品德，还常常当作情人间表示爱慕的信物。

“籽”一般而言主要是针对植物来说，指的是植物所结的种籽，同时包含有孕育的含义，是植物生命的一个过程。“仔”主要是指动物，根据读音来看有两层意思：在读作“zi”的时候，指的是幼小的意思；读“zai”的时候泛指幼小的人或动物。把和田玉的子料称为“仔料”、“籽料”的情况在平时比较多见，这两个称呼反映了和田玉子料外形圆润、个头小的特征。但在仔细推敲之后，这两种称呼都不能准确的反映出和田玉子料的本质。

“子”字所代表的含义广泛而全面，有“种子”、“子女”、“幼小”等意，没有物性之分。因此，用“子”来表示和田玉卵石料，不仅能反映卵石料外形的特征，更从成因上体现了与山料的因果关系，“子料”是由母体奋力出来的玉石，在继承了山料质地特征的同时，再经过河流搬运和长期冲刷等因素的结合下，成为和田玉的精华。

还有另外一个原因就是，玉是能够经得起岁月的考验，不会时来时走，忽有忽无。玉的坚贞永恒，代表了人们对爱情的向往：坚贞、永恒。用玉作为爱情信物，表达了人们对白头偕老忠贞爱情的美好意愿。因此玉作为信物来说是能够充分表达情人之间的各种情感。

Cultural value

Hotan jade is used to describe the good moral character of a gentleman, and it is often used as a token of love between lovers.

Generally speaking, "seed" refers to the seed of a plant, which contains the meaning of breeding and is a process of plant life. "Zai" mainly refers to animals. According to the pronunciation, it has two meanings: when reading "Zi", it means young; when reading "Zai", it generally refers to young people or animals. It is common to call Hetian jade's sub materials "baby materials" and "seed materials" at ordinary times. These two terms reflect the round shape and small size of Hetian jade's sub materials. However, after careful consideration, neither of these two terms can accurately reflect the essence of Hotan yuzicai.

The word "Zi" has a wide and comprehensive meaning, including "seed", "children", "young" and so on, without distinction of physical properties. Therefore, the use of "Zi" to represent Hetian jade oval stone not only reflects the characteristics of the shape of the oval stone, but also reflects the causal relationship with the mountain material from the cause of formation. The "material" is a jade which is strikled by the mother body. It inherits the texture characteristics of the mountain material and combines with the factors such as river transportation and long-term erosion to become the essence of Hetian jade.

Another reason is that jade is able to stand the test of the years. It doesn't come and go from time to time. Jade's constancy and eternity represent people's yearning for love: constancy and eternity. Jade is used as a love token to express people's good wishes of being faithful to love with each other. Therefore, as a keepsake, jade can fully express all kinds of feelings between lovers.

经济价值

玉器的经济价值是不言而喻的。玉器作为财富的标志，早在原始社会的良渚文化、红山文化中就有表现。大型的墓葬中，作为陪葬的玉器就有几十件甚至上百件，可见墓主是有权有势、财富万贯的首领。到奴隶社会，这种现象更加明显，著名的安阳殷墟妇好墓、江西新干大墓等商代贵族和方国墓葬中，葬玉更是丰富，表明大的奴隶主贵族拥有贵重的玉器。到汉代，葬玉之风更加兴盛，著名的汉代金缕玉衣、银缕玉衣、铜缕玉衣就出自于此。另外最能表明玉器的经济价值的是商代的玉币，用玉作成贝形币，作为商品交换的凭证，同时也有用玉直接交换或进贡的礼品。到了明清以后，玉器商品以成为一种行业，进行买卖交易。

economic value

The economic value of jade is self-evident. Jade, as a symbol of wealth, has been shown in Liangzhu Culture and Hongshan Culture of primitive society. Among the large-scale tombs, there are dozens or even hundreds of jade articles, which shows that the tomb owner is the leader with power, power and wealth. In the slave society, this phenomenon is more obvious. Among the famous tombs of the Shang Dynasty such as the tomb of Fuhao in the Yin Ruins of Anyang and the tomb of Xingan in Jiangxi, there are more abundant burial jade, which indicates that the great slave owner aristocrats have precious jade. By the Han Dynasty, the trend of jade burial was more prosperous, from which the famous Han Dynasty gold, silver and copper jade clothes came. In addition, the most obvious economic value of jade is the jade coins of the Shang Dynasty, which are used as the shell shaped coins as the evidence of commodity exchange, as well as the direct exchange or tribute gifts of jade. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, jade products became a kind of trade to trade.

历史价值

新疆和田玉文化丰富了中华文明的历史。有专家认为：探讨史前古玉玉质及玉料的来源对研究中国玉器起源与发展有着十分重要的重要意义。在中国颇具影响的有红山文化、良渚文化、凌家滩文化、仰韶文化、齐家文化、石家文化等，这些文化是过通玉石及其玉料来表现的，其来源是中国玉文化研究的重要内容。而其中的仰韶文化透闪石玉出自新疆，齐家文化包括龙山文化的透闪石玉也来自新疆和田。学者专家长期的争论与研究已被史料和出土玉器的佐证说明，从理论推断和预测发展到理讥论更新和定论。

historical value

Hetian jade culture in Xinjiang has enriched the history of Chinese civilization. Some experts believe that it is of great significance to study the origin and development of Chinese jade to explore the source of prehistoric jade and jade materials. In China, there are Hongshan culture, Liangzhu culture, Lingjiatan culture, Yangshao culture, Qijia culture, Shijia culture and so on. These cultures are expressed through jade and its materials, and their sources are important contents of the study of Chinese jade culture. Among them, the tremolite jade of Yangshao culture comes from Xinjiang, and the tremolite jade of Qijia culture including Longshan culture also comes from Hotan, Xinjiang. The argument and research of scholars and experts for a long time has been proved by historical materials and unearthed jade, which has developed from theoretical inference and prediction to theoretical and satirical renewal and conclusion.

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