千古商城 大清牙雕

中国牙雕的象牙雕刻艺术有着极其悠久的历史，始于新石器时代。在北京黄土坡出土的战国墓中发现过象牙梳子。辽、金、元、明、清历代帝王都把象牙作为皇家供品，明代的果园厂和清代的造办处都有为皇宫做象牙制品的作坊，其中最具代表的是象牙名作'月曼清游'。

The ivory carving art of Chinese ivory carving has a very long history, starting from the Neolithic age. Ivory combs have been found in the tombs of the Warring States period unearthed in Huangtupo, Beijing. The emperors of Liao, Jin, yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties all used Ivory as their royal offerings. The orchards of Ming Dynasty and the offices of Qing Dynasty all had workshops for making ivory products for the Imperial Palace, among which the most representative was the famous ivory work "Yue Man Qing you".

中国象牙雕刻经过数几千年的发展，清代中期陆续形成了若干个相对集中的中心生产地，主要以广州、苏州、北京为代表。各个中心生产地之间既在题材和形式上保持着各地的风格特色，同时又互相渗透，在技术上有交流。20世纪70年代后，随着交通便捷，讯息技术的发展，各地牙雕艺人频繁交往，切磋技艺，取长补短，各地区的地方牙雕的色彩，一方面在增加，形成了北京、广州、上海、南京四个主要地区，其他还有天津、福州、乐清等地，另一方面他们之间的风格也逐渐的淡化，这是一个必然的趋势。精细工整，玲珑剔透的广州牙雕以广州为代表，故称之广州牙雕，北京牙雕具有了雍容华贵的宫廷艺术品格。

After thousands of years of development, China's ivory carving in the middle of the Qing Dynasty has formed several relatively concentrated production centers, mainly represented by Guangzhou, Suzhou and Beijing. The production places of each center not only maintain the style and characteristics of each place in subject matter and form, but also permeate each other and have exchanges in technology. After the 1970s, with the development of convenient transportation and information technology, ivory carving artists from all over the world frequently exchanged skills and learned from each other to make up for each other's shortcomings. On the one hand, the color of local ivory carving in various regions increased, forming four major regions: Beijing, Guangzhou, Shanghai and Nanjing. On the other hand, Tianjin, Fuzhou, Yueqing and other places, and on the other hand, their styles gradually weakened, This is an inevitable trend. Guangzhou is the representative of the fine, neat and exquisitely carved teeth in Guangzhou, so it's called Guangzhou tooth carving. Beijing tooth carving has the elegant palace artistic character.

牙雕是一门古老的传统艺术，也是一门汉族民间工艺美术。牙为大象身上最坚固的部分，其光洁如玉、耐用、珍贵勘与宝玉石媲美，因此象牙又有有机宝石之美誉。而象牙雕刻艺术品，以坚实细密，色泽柔润光滑的质地，精美的雕刻艺术，倍受收藏家珍爱，成为古玩中独具特色的品种之一。

Tooth carving is an ancient traditional art, but also a Han folk arts and crafts. The tooth is the most solid part of the elephant. It is as bright and clean as jade, durable and precious as gemstone. Therefore, ivory is also known as an organic gem. The ivory carving art, with its solid and fine texture, soft and smooth color and exquisite carving art, is cherished by collectors and becomes one of the unique varieties of antiques.

清代，是牙雕工艺的鼎盛时代，牙雕与竹、木、角、金石等小件雕刻一样，成为几案上陈设珍玩。清代前朝，象牙雕刻继承了明代的传统，不论在生产技术或艺术创造方面，都有所发展。中期以后，象牙雕刻艺术创作方面走向了繁琐堆饰。当时，象牙雕刻分宫廷手工艺与民间手工艺两类，宫廷制作者精工细腻，人物、花鸟纹饰多仿绘画笔意，着色、填彩均有一定的章法。虽然如此，但两者是没有绝对区别的，许多宫廷牙匠都是从民间直接招募的。清代的象牙雕刻已基本形成江南与广东两大艺术流派。由于文人雅士的偏爱，立意清新典雅的作品出现了，为了获得好的作品，一大批文人画家不仅设计构图，还直接参与雕刻，使牙雕的风格出新的变化。

In the Qing Dynasty, it was the heyday of the art of ivory carving. Like bamboo, wood, horn, gold stone and other small sculptures, ivory carving became a rare display on several cases. Before the Qing Dynasty, ivory carving inherited the tradition of the Ming Dynasty, and developed in both production technology and artistic creation. After the mid-term, the ivory carving art creation went to the tedious heap decoration. At that time, ivory carving was divided into two categories: Palace crafts and folk crafts. The court makers were exquisite and exquisite, and the figures, flowers and birds were mostly imitated by the brushwork of painting. There were certain rules for coloring and filling colors. However, there is no absolute difference between the two. Many court dental workers are directly recruited from the people. The ivory carving in Qing Dynasty has basically formed two major art schools in Jiangnan and Guangdong. Due to the preference of literati, fresh and elegant works appeared. In order to obtain good works, a large number of literati painters not only design and composition, but also directly participate in carving, making the style of ivory carving change.

总体而言，象牙雕刻发展至清代，已逐步向'小品雕刻'的趋势发展，大件牙雕已不常见。文房用具理所当然地成了牙雕工艺的主要部分。主要以文玩、装饰品为主，笔筒、笔架、砚台、墨盒、水墨、镇纸以及一些文具盒、印盒、画托等都比较常见，这些象牙小件多以文人故事、花鸟图案，吉祥题材为装饰，有着浓郁的文人气息。象牙雕刻成为文人士大夫以及官宦贵员的案头把玩。

Generally speaking, ivory carving developed into the Qing Dynasty, and has gradually developed into the trend of 'small carving', while large ivory carving is not common. Of course, the stationery has become the main part of the ivory carving process. Mainly for literary games and decorations, pen holder, pen holder, inkstone, ink cartridge, ink wash, Paperweight, and some stationery boxes, printing boxes, picture holders, etc. are common. These Ivory small pieces are mostly decorated with literati stories, flowers and birds patterns, auspicious themes, and have a strong literati flavor. Ivory carving became a desk game for literati and officials.

从古至今，牙雕就是人们公认的高档奢侈品。早在远古时代，牙角就被人类用来制成各种简单的饰品来美化自己。此后，随着人类生活水平的不断提高，牙雕的形制和用途也发生了根本变化。到了明清两代，象牙雕更是精品迭出，其中尤以乾隆年间的牙雕最兴盛，此件可以说是清代牙雕的巅峰作品了。

Since ancient times, ivory carving has been recognized as a luxury. As early as in ancient times, the tooth horn was used by human beings to make various simple ornaments to beautify themselves. Since then, with the continuous improvement of human living standards, the shape and use of ivory carvings have also undergone fundamental changes. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, ivory carvings were more excellent, especially in the Qianlong period. This is the peak work of the Qing Dynasty.