特别推荐第五期：玉琮

中国古代有玉璧祭天，玉琮祭地的礼制。因此玉琮向来是与玉璧焦不离孟的。玉琮，后世又称“辋头”。其用途，一向以为就是“以黄琮礼地”的礼器。“琮”始见于《周礼》等古籍。其形以《周礼·考工记·玉人》所释:“大琮十有二寸，射四寸，厚寸”。《白虎通·文质篇》曰:“圆中牙身玄外曰琮”。郑玄补注《周礼》时说:“琮，八方象地”。南唐徐锴释琮时讲:“状若八角而中圆”。后因后人难辨琮状的实体，以致南宋时称为“镇圭”。至清乾隆按东汉许慎《说文解字》，以“琮，瑞玉，大八寸，似车辋”的说法为据。

In ancient China, there was a ritual system of jade to worship heaven and jade cong to worship the earth. Therefore, jade cong has always been closely related to jade. Jade cong is also called "wangtou" in later generations. Its use has always been thought to be a ritual vessel that "uses yellow cong to salute the ground." "Cong" was first found in ancient books such as Zhou Li. Its form is explained by Zhou Li, Kao Gong Ji, Yu Ren: "Ten large congs are two inches long, four inches wide and thick." "White Tiger Tong Wen Zhi Pian" said: "The round middle tooth and the body outside the xuan yue cong". Zheng Xuan said in a supplement to Zhou Li: "Cong, eight sides like the ground". Xu Kai of the Southern Tang Dynasty said when explaining cong: "If the shape is octagonal and the middle circle is round". Later generations were unable to distinguish cong-shaped entities, which led to the southern song dynasty called "zhengui". To Qing Ganlong, according to Xu Shen's Shuowen Jiezi of the Eastern Han Dynasty, it is based on the saying "Cong, Ruiyu, eight inches in size, like a car rim".

琮是一种内圆外方的筒形玉器，为我国古代重要礼器之一。最早的玉琮见于安徽潜山薛家岗第三期文化，距今约5100年。玉琮是一种内圆外方筒型玉器，是古代人们用于祭祀神祇的一种礼器，距今约5100年。至新石器中晚期，玉琮在江浙一带的良渚文化、广东石峡文化、山西陶寺文化中大量出现，尢以良渚文化的玉琮最发达，出土与传世的数量很多。

Cong is a kind of cylindrical jade with an inner circle and an outer circle, which is one of the important ritual vessels in ancient China. The earliest jade cong was found in the third period of Xuejiagang culture in Anhui buried hill, about 5100 years ago. Jade cong is a kind of jade with an inner circle and an outer cylinder. It is a ritual vessel used by ancient people to worship gods, dating back about 5100 years. Up to the middle and late Neolithic period, jade cong appeared in large quantities in Liangzhu culture, Shixia culture in Guangdong province and Tao temple culture in Shanxi province in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. jade cong from Liangzhu culture was the most developed, with a large number unearthed and handed down from ancient times.

良渚文化是一支分布在中国东南地区太湖流域的新石器文化类型，距今5300-4500年左右。良渚文化分布的中心地区在太湖流域，而遗址分布最密集的地区则在太湖流域的东北部、东部和东南部。

Liangzhu culture is a Neolithic culture type distributed in the Taihu Lake Basin in southeast China, dating back about 5300-4500 years. The center of Liangzhu culture is located in the Taihu Lake basin, while the areas with the most concentrated sites are located in the northeast, east and southeast of the Taihu Lake basin.

此藏品由软玉雕琢而成，呈椭圆、上大下小形。采用阴线，刀技法琢成。刀法娴熟，一气呵成。椭圆形玉琮周围中央立槽，槽双方基本等距，误差在1毫米左右，每节上下间距几乎完全相等，良渚玉琮作为良渚文化的典型器物，因其具有精美绝伦的纹饰和重要的历史价值，拥有了巨大的艺术魅力，极具收藏价值。

This collection is carved from nephrite and is oval in shape, large and small. It is cut with yin thread and knife technique. The knife technique is skillful and can be done in one go. The square oval shaped jade cong is surrounded by a central vertical groove, the two sides of the groove are basically equidistant, the error is about 1 mm, and the upper and lower spacing of each section is almost exactly the same. As a typical utensil of Liangzhu culture, Liangzhu jade cong has great artistic charm and collection value due to its exquisite decoration and important historical value.

玉，石之美兼五德者。中国玉器源远流长，已有七千年的辉煌历史。玉的文化意蕴既是古老玉文化发展的产物，又是支撑玉文化升华的理念基石和精神支柱。

Jade, the beauty of stone and the five virtues. Chinese jade has a long history and has a glorious history of 7,000 years. The cultural implication of jade is not only the product of the development of ancient jade culture, but also the cornerstone and spiritual pillar supporting the sublimation of jade culture.

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