犀牛角

犀牛角

犀牛角,即犀角,为犀科动物白犀牛、黑犀牛、印度犀牛、爪哇犀牛、苏门答腊犀牛等的角。根据种类的不同,长角的数量也不同。非洲的白犀牛和黑犀牛都有两只角,而亚洲只有苏门答拉犀牛有两只角,其余的两个品种都只有一只角。犀牛角从皮肤中长出来,质地很硬,每年可以长7.6厘米。

Rhinoceros horn, namely rhinoceros horn, is the horn of white rhinoceros, black rhinoceros, Indian rhinoceros, Java rhinoceros, Sumatran rhinoceros, etc. The number of long horns varies according to the species. White and black rhinos in Africa have two horns, while sumentala rhinoceros in Asia only have two horns. The other two species have only one horn. Rhinoceros horn grows out of the skin and is very hard. It can grow 7.6 cm per year.

1993年,中国政府颁布禁令,禁止使用犀牛角。中国境内现在虽然已经没有了野生的犀牛(中国的最后一只犀牛于1922年因人类猎杀灭绝),因此没有犀牛种类被列为国家级保护动物。但是作为《国际野生贸易公约》的成员国之一,中国始终支持禁止任何犀牛制品交易的禁令。

In 1993, the Chinese government banned the use of rhinoceros horns. Although there are no wild rhinoceros in China (the last rhinoceros in China was killed and killed by human beings in 1922), no rhinoceros species are listed as national protected animals. However, as a member of the international wildlife trade convention, China has always supported a ban on any trade in rhinoceros products.

犀角由表皮角质形成,内无骨心。犀角的主要成分为角蛋白(Keratin)、胆固醇、磷酸钙、碳酸钙等.还含有其他蛋白质、肽类、游离氨基酸、胍衍生物(Guanidine derivatives)、甾醇类等。

Rhinoceros horn is formed by cuticle without bone heart. The main components of rhinoceros horn are keratin, cholesterol, calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, etc.

角呈圆锥形,自底部向上渐细,稍弯曲,长短不等,大者长达30厘米。表面为乌 黑色,下部色渐浅,呈灰褐色。底部周边有马牙状锯齿,称"马牙边",高约3厘米,表面 凹凸不平。"马牙边"向上之中部有纵纹及去净的坚硬直刺,习称"刚毛",有时并有裂纹 ;中部向上渐光滑,角尖端钝圆发亮,并可见鬃眼状圆点。角前面有一纵长凹沟,沟长约9 ~15 厘米,深约3厘米,习称"天沟",其下相对的底盘上有一突出的高岗,岗长约6~7厘 米,高2~4厘米,习称"地岗"。底盘较大,长圆形,前窄后宽,形如龟背,长13~20厘米 ,宽11~14厘米,灰黑色或黑棕色,向外逐渐变浅,呈灰棕色或灰黄色,底面凹入3~6厘米 ,习称"窝子",并布满鬃眼状圆点,习称"沙底"。角质坚硬,但从纵面劈开,均系顺丝 ,无绞丝。镑片呈灰白色,有芝麻花点或短线纺。气微清香而不腥,味微咸。以色乌黑光亮 、完整无裂纹、沙底色灰黑、鬃眼大、气清香者为佳。底盘色灰黑、特征不完全或不明显者 质较次。

The angle is conical, tapering from the bottom to the top, slightly curved, varying in length, with the largest as long as 30 cm. The surface is black, and the lower part is grayish brown. There are horse teeth around the bottom, called "horse teeth side", about 3 cm high, with uneven surface. There are longitudinal lines and hard straight spines, commonly known as "setae", sometimes with cracks; the middle part is gradually smooth upward, the corner tip is blunt and shiny, and bristle eye like dots can be seen. There is a longitudinal concave groove in front of the corner, which is about 9-15 cm long and 3 cm deep. It is commonly known as "Tiangou". There is a protruding high hill on the chassis under it, which is about 6-7 cm long and 2-4 cm high, which is commonly called "Digang". The chassis is large, oblong, narrow at the front and wide at the back. It is shaped like a turtle's back. It is 13-20 cm long and 11-14 cm wide. It is grayish black or black brown, and gradually becomes light outwards. It is grayish brown or grayish yellow. The bottom surface is concave by 3-6cm. It is commonly called "Wozi", and is covered with bristle eye like dots, which is also known as "sand bottom". The cuticle is hard, but splits from the longitudinal plane, all are smooth silk, no stranded silk. Pound piece is grayish white, with sesame dots or short thread spinning. The air is slightly fragrant but not fishy, and the taste is slightly salty. It is better to have black and bright color, complete and crack free, gray black sand background, large mane eyes and fragrant air. The chassis with grey black color and incomplete or indistinct features is inferior in quality.

犀角除上述品种外,作犀角使用者,尚有下列二种:

① 广角:亦称兕角、柱角或天马角,为非洲产黑犀Rhinoceros nicornis L.或白犀R.simus Burchell的角。角形长,长可达60厘米左右,自底部向上渐细,中部较圆,上部稍弯,尖端细而稍扁。上部灰黑色,下部灰黄色 ,商品多漆成光亮的乌黑色。底盘圆形,窝子较浅,无天沟地岗及马牙边,有腥气。亦有锯 成规则小块者,称为"广角瓣"。

② 小犀角:亦称"蘑菇头",为犀牛顶上的小角。长3~ 13厘米,色乌黑光亮,下半部色 较浅,多有裂纹,顶端圆形似小馒首。底盘圆形,直径3~ 9厘米,"窝子"浅,"沙底"较 细。纵剖面丝绞粗,显顺纹,无绞丝,多灰黑色。镑片多变曲。味稍浊。

In addition to the above varieties, there are two kinds of rhinoceros horn users as follows:

① Wide angle: also known as the horn of rhinoceros nicornis L. or R. simus Burchell of Africa. Angular long, up to 60 cm long, from the bottom to the top gradually thin, the middle is more round, the upper part is slightly curved, the tip is thin and slightly flat. The upper part is grayish black, and the lower part is grayish yellow. Most commodities are painted bright black. The chassis is round, the nest is shallow, and there is no gutter, hillock and horse tooth edge, with fishy smell. There are also regular small sawn pieces, known as the "wide-angle valve.".

② Small rhinoceros horn: also known as "mushroom head", it is the small horn on the top of rhinoceros. It is 3-13cm long, dark and bright. The lower part is lighter, with cracks. The top is round like a small steamed bun. The chassis is round, with a diameter of 3-9 cm. The "nest" is shallow and the sand bottom is thin. The longitudinal section of the wire is twisted thick, showing parallel grain, without stranded wire, mostly gray and black. Pound piece changeable song. The taste is slightly cloudy.

此犀牛角是梁先生收藏的珍品,此犀牛角是最珍贵的牙角,自古以来犀角被作为辟邪稀罕的灵物而宝之,而且被认为具有解毒解热,之药用。而明代开始兴起的利用犀角底部凹腔雕成的犀角杯是牙角类古玩中的顶级精品,其在国外国内艺术品的拍卖会中长盛不衰。

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