艺品在线2020精品推荐第5期：汝窑“蔡”款瓷器

汝瓷是我国宋代“汝、官、哥、钧、定”五大名瓷之一。名瓷之首，汝窑为魁。汝窑的工匠，以名贵的玛瑙入釉，烧成了具有“青如天，面如玉，蝉翼纹，晨星稀，芝麻支钉釉满足”典型特色的汝瓷。

Ru porcelain is one of the five famous porcelains in Song Dynasty. Ru kiln is the first famous porcelain. The craftsmen of Ru kiln, with precious agate into the glaze, fired Ru porcelain with typical characteristics of "green as the sky, face like jade, cicada wing pattern, rare morning stars, sesame branch nail glaze to meet the requirements".

 

在中国文明发展史上，宋代文化占有极其重要的历史地位，汝瓷文化又是宋代文化的一个重要组成部分。它以其工艺精湛，造型秀美，釉面蕴润，高雅素净的丰韵而独具风采，在我国青瓷发展史上，是一个划时代的重要标志。

In the history of Chinese civilization, Song Dynasty culture occupies an extremely important historical position, and Ru porcelain culture is an important part of Song Dynasty culture. It is a landmark in the development history of China's celadon because of its exquisite workmanship, beautiful shape, rich glaze, elegant and simple charm.

 

去过台北故宫看过汝瓷的人，常常会在汝瓷上看到“奉华”两个字。内地曾现身过的汝瓷，也有“蔡”字款出现。据中国经济网记者所知，目前汝瓷带字款识的也仅只有这两种，且都指向于宋代朝廷要人。那汝瓷上的“奉华”和“蔡”字是何意呢？和宋代朝廷又有什么关系呢？

People who have visited the Imperial Palace Museum in Taipei often see the word "Fenghua" on it. The Ru porcelain that once appeared in the mainland also has the character of "Cai". According to the reporter of China economic network, at present, only these two kinds of characters are recognized by Ru porcelain, and both point to the important people of the Song Dynasty. What is the meaning of "Fenghua" and "Cai" on Ru porcelain? What does it have to do with the imperial court of the Song Dynasty?

汝瓷釉色有天青、天兰、粉青几种，因选玛瑙入釉，使釉面抚如脂、视如玉，稀疏的气泡宛若星辰，多开有疏密不等的纹片，少数有鱼棱纹，也有不开片的，其缩釉点呈羊肝色；圈足外卷且比较矮，还有卧足，下圈足和平底足；工艺上有满釉裹足支烧，也有垫烧的。采用支钉支烧的器物通体满釉，器底留有支钉痕，支钉细小如芝麻状，且多靠近圈足内墙，支钉断面处一般呈白色；支钉数为3、5、6个，以5个为多，而汝瓷椭圆形水仙盆则采用6个支钉。采用垫圈或垫饼垫烧的器物圈足足端无釉，但少见；在装饰工艺上有少数刻花和划花装饰，还有龙体和乌首等装饰； 少数器物有铭款。见有两种，器底刻“奉华”和“蔡”字款。

The glaze colors of Ru porcelain include azure, Tianlan and fenqing. Because of the selection of agate into the glaze, the glaze surface is as smooth as grease and jade. The sparse bubbles are like stars. There are many patterns with different density, a few with fish ribs, and some are not. The glaze points are sheep's liver color. The ring feet are curled and relatively short, and there are also recumbent feet, lower circle feet and flat bottom feet. In the process, there are full glaze wrapped feet for branch firing, and some for pad firing 。 The utensils are glazed, and there are traces of nails on the bottom. The nails are small as sesame, and most of them are close to the inner wall of the feet. The cross section of the nails is generally white. The number of nails is 3, 5 and 6, and 5 are more than 5. The oval Narcissus basin of Ru porcelain adopts 6 nails. In the decoration process, there are a few engraved and scratched decorations, as well as dragon body and black head; a few utensils have inscriptions. There are two kinds of wares, with "Fenghua" and "Cai" engraved on the bottom.

 

 

汝窑在北宋后期被官府选为宫廷烧御用瓷器，宫庭御用青瓷要求标准很高，如果再遇上宋徽宗这样的瓷器鉴赏行家，汝官瓷的烧制之难就可想而知了。送进皇宫大内的瓷器固然是极品，而未被选中的也不乏上品，甚至是精品，但别人是不准用的。因此，每一窑瓷器出窑，先由窑场官吏和窑匠挑选，凡是选不上的，挥起大木棒，哗啦!哗啦!一件一件地打烂。这还不算到底，皇宫来人运瓷器时，还要再挑上一遍，挑剩下的再如此打碎，这时窑匠师傅们是心疼得连看的勇气都没有了，工匠们悲叹：“造天青釉难，难于上青天。”加上汝官瓷的烧制时间也很短，大约20余年。金人入侵中原后，宋王朝南迁，汝官窑在战火中被毁，至金、元时期，技术失传，逐渐走向衰退，直到元末，全部停烧。以后，随着一次次的战乱兵火和自然水淹，除了留下一行行一堆堆的碎瓷片，残败的汝官窑窑口在地表消失了，为中国瓷器史留下了一桩千年疑案。所以，宋瓷以汝为最，留传下来的，也以汝官瓷为最少，汝官瓷遂成绝品。

In the later period of the northern song dynasty, ru kiln was selected by the government as the imperial porcelain. The imperial celadon required a high standard. If you met a porcelain connoisseur like huizong of the song dynasty, you could imagine the difficulty of firing your porcelain. It is true that the porcelain sent to the palace is the best, and there is no lack of selected top quality, even fine, but others are not allowed to use. Therefore, every porcelain kiln, the first by the kiln officials and the potter to choose, all those who do not choose, swing a big stick, clatter! Hua! One by one. This is not the end, when the palace people to transport porcelain, have to pick up again, pick the rest so broken, then the potter masters are so distressed that even look at the courage are no longer, artisans lament: "it is difficult to make azure glaze, it is difficult to go up to the sky. Moreover, the firing time of ru guan porcelain is also very short, about 20 years. After the jin people invaded the central plains, the song dynasty moved to the south, and the ruguan kiln was destroyed in the war. In the jin and yuan dynasties, the technology was lost and gradually declined until the end of the yuan dynasty. Later, with the war and fire and natural flooding, in addition to leaving a pile of piles of broken porcelain pieces, the ruined mouth of ruguan kiln disappeared on the surface, leaving a thousand years of Chinese porcelain history. Therefore, the song dynasty porcelain to you as the most, left down to you the official porcelain as the least, your official porcelain became the best.

 

五窑之魁的汝窑“青如天，面如玉，蝉翼纹，晨星稀，芝麻支钉釉满足”，汝瓷的这一特征据说皆因宋徽宗的一个梦。宋徽宗梦到雨过天晴，远处天空的天青色，醒后他要求造瓷“雨过天晴云破处”，让工匠烧制出这样令其着迷的瓷器，最后汝州工匠技高一筹，从此，世上多了一种传世瓷器———汝窑瓷器，天青色釉也成为汝窑瓷器的典型特征。事实上，“雨过天晴云破处”最早提法并不源于宋徽宗，而是五代后周的第二位皇帝世宗柴荣。当时，柴荣将柴窑的特点写为“雨过天青云破处，者般颜色作将来。”由于天青色确实是汝窑的一大特点，为此后世的传说便为汝窑的诞生附会上了宋徽宗的梦。

The ruyao, the chief of the five kilns, was "as green as the sky, with a face as jade, cicada wings, thin morning stars, and sesame nail glaze to meet the requirements". This feature of your porcelain is said to be attributed to a dream of emperor huizong of the song dynasty. Song huizong dreamed that the sky was blue after the rain and the sky was blue in the distance. After waking up, he demanded to make porcelain "after the rain and the sky were clear and the sky was blue". He asked the craftsmen to fire such fascinating porcelain. In fact, the earliest concept of "after a rain comes a day, a cloud breaks a place" did not originate from emperor huizong of the song dynasty, but from the second emperor of the later zhou dynasty, shizong chai rong. At that time, chai rong wrote the characteristics of the chai kiln as "the rain passed the sky and the clouds broke, the color of the future. As the blue sky is indeed one of the characteristics of ru kiln, the legend of later generations attached the dream of song hui zong to the birth of ru kiln.

 

汝瓷上的另一个款识就是"蔡"字款。在传世的汝窑器底许多刻有“蔡”字款识，在故宫博物院的藏品中，有一件汝窑盘上刻有一个“蔡”字，“蔡”字款一般都涂紫褐护胎釉，色泽深沉。汝瓷为宫廷专用，因此能拥有汝瓷一般都是依靠皇帝赏赐。在宋代能够收藏汝窑瓷器的蔡氏可能只有两人，一人为徽宗时宰相蔡京，京官至司空，拜太师，位居一人之下万人之上，其获得皇帝赏赐的机会大于常人，从而得到汝窑瓷器的机会也就会很多，而且蔡京曾刻姓氏“蔡”字以作荣记。另一人为蔡京的儿子蔡絛，他是徽宗的驸马，徽宗曾七次至其府第，赐予无数珍宝。

Another feature of Ru porcelain is "Cai". In the collection of the Palace Museum, one Ru kiln plate is engraved with the word "Cai". Generally, the character "Cai" is painted with purple brown protective glaze. Ru porcelain is specially used by the court, so it is generally depended on the emperor's reward to possess Ru porcelain. In the Song Dynasty, there were probably only two Cai family members who could collect Ru kiln porcelain. One was Cai Jing, the Prime Minister of Huizong. The capital official went to Sikong and worshipped the Taishi, ranking above ten thousand people. The chance of getting the emperor's reward was greater than that of ordinary people, so there would be a lot of opportunities to obtain Ru kiln porcelain. Moreover, Cai Jing once engraved the word "Cai" as a honor. The other was Cai Su, Cai Jing's son-in-law. He was Huizong's son-in-law. Huizong had visited his house seven times and given numerous treasures.

 

此类款汝瓷研究者一般认为是，“蔡”字款汝瓷隶属于宋朝宰相蔡京或者驸马蔡絛等的蔡氏家族。历史上蔡京是与和珅一样齐名的祸国败家的大贪官，但其艺术成就却为后人所称道，她是宋四家"苏黄米蔡"书法四大家之一，与苏轼、黄庭坚等大家齐名，他也是王安石变法的坚决拥护者和得力干将，一定程度上促进了宋朝经济的发展，深得宋神宗、宋徽宗赏识。

Researchers generally believe that the "Cai" type Ru porcelain belongs to the family of Cai Jing, the Prime Minister of the Song Dynasty, or Cai Su, the son-in-law of the Song Dynasty. In history, Cai Jing was a corrupt official with the same reputation as He Lin, but her artistic achievements were praised by later generations. She was one of the four famous calligraphers of "Su Huang Mi Cai" in the Song Dynasty. She was also a strong supporter and a capable general of Wang Anshi's reform. To a certain extent, she promoted the economic development of the Song Dynasty, and was appreciated by song Shenzong and song Huizong.

此件汝窑青釉碗，圆口，直壁，平底, 底边有五足支托,底面满釉五粒支烧钉。底款“蔡”，整器造型大方, 制作精细独特，胎骨适中，釉面平滑，釉面滋润，釉色青色，犹如“雨过天晴云破处”，“千峰碧波翠色来”之美妙，汝瓷保留下来也大多存放于博物馆等处，近几年民间汝瓷收藏数量也大，收藏界认为“天下收藏，无汝者，难称尽善尽美也”。该汝窑瓷碗造型古朴大方，少之又少，获其具有极高的收藏价值及投资价值，是一件不可多得的精品。

This blue glazed bowl of Ru kiln has a round mouth, a straight wall, a flat bottom, and a five foot bracket on the bottom. The bottom surface is covered with glaze and five pieces of burning nails. The bottom "Cai" has a generous shape, The production is exquisite and unique. The fetal bone is moderate, the glaze is smooth, the glaze is moist, and the glaze color is blue. It is like "the sky is clear after the rain and the clouds are broken" and "the thousand peaks are green". Most of the Ru porcelain remains in museums and other places. In recent years, the number of folk Ru porcelain collections is also large. The collectors believe that "it is hard to say that the collection is perfect without you". The shape of the Ru kiln porcelain bowl is simple and natural, few and few. It has high collection value and investment value. It is a rare fine product.

 

汝瓷不张扬、不虚华的个性使人联想到翩翩的君子，沉稳却不失个性;它的内敛又好似江南女子的风姿卓韵、典雅含蓄，让人难以忘怀。

Ru Ci's unassuming and well-deserved personality reminds people of an engaging gentleman who is composed but does not lose his personality. Its introversion is like the charm of Jiangnan women, elegant and subtle, which is unforgettable.

 

宋代瓷业达到如此境界，绝非偶然。公元960年，北宋建立。宋初实行了“抑武修文”政策，“修文”导致文化的空前高涨，文人的地位得到提高，人们的读书热情激增，文化素质普遍提高。加上北宋的经济繁荣，为制作高水平的瓷器提供了物质保证。这样的社会氛围造就了宋瓷清新秀丽、典雅优美的艺术风格，成为宋代工艺美术中最为杰出的品种。

It is no accident that the porcelain industry in Song Dynasty reached such a state. In 960 AD, the Northern Song Dynasty was established. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, the policy of "suppressing Wu Xiuwen" was implemented, and "writing" led to an unprecedented upsurge in culture, an improvement in the status of scholars, a surge in people's enthusiasm for reading, and a general improvement in cultural quality. In addition, the economic prosperity of the Northern Song Dynasty provided material guarantee for the production of high-level porcelain. This social atmosphere created a fresh, beautiful, elegant and graceful artistic style of Song porcelain, and became the most outstanding variety of arts and crafts in the Song Dynasty.

 

此件藏品现在展卖于艺品在线商城平台中，据持宝人介绍说，这件瓷器是祖上传下来的。曾让专家老师鉴定过，绝世精品。在本公司得知其有这件罕见珍品，特邀其持这件瓷器参加，现持宝人因资金周转困难原因。忍痛割爱愿将此件瓷器委托本公司代其通过网络媒体进行寻找买家。如对此藏品有兴趣收藏者，可拨打企业联系电话：400 686 3616进行洽谈。

The collection is now on sale in the art online mall platform. According to the treasure holder, the porcelain was handed down by ancestors. It has been appraised by experts and teachers, and it is a masterpiece. We learned that he had this rare treasure and invited him to take part in it. Now the holder of the treasure has difficulty in capital turnover. We are willing to entrust this porcelain to our company to find a buyer through network media. If you are interested in this collection, you can call the enterprise contact number: 400 686 3616 for discussion.