古玩城2021精品推荐第一期：五代时期官窑梅瓶 

宋代五大名窑之一的官窑,名驰海外,历有北宋官窑与南宋官窑之别,传世品多为宫廷内藏,见于《宣德鼎彝谱》,亦当有流散民间与海外。宋代官窑瓷器，由官府直接营建，代表着汉族陶瓷艺术的最高成就。官窑瓷器虽然在宋代瓷器中只占极少数，但是由于其所处地位和具备的优越条件，使它在当时烧造了一批宫庭所需的高档瓷器，其高超的烧造技艺和不朽的艺术价值，成为汉民族珍贵的文化遗产。

The official kiln, one of the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty, is famous overseas, and it is different from the official kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty and the official kiln in the Southern Song Dynasty. Most of the products handed down from ancient times are hidden in the court, which can be found in Xuande Ding Yi Spectrum, and should also be scattered among the people and overseas. The official kiln porcelain of Song Dynasty, built directly by the government, represents the highest achievement of Han ceramic art. Although official kiln porcelain accounted for only a small number of porcelain in Song Dynasty, because of its position and superior conditions, it made a batch of high-grade porcelain needed by the court at that time, and its superb firing skills and immortal artistic value became the precious cultural heritage of the Han nationality.

宋代官窑瓷器与汝、哥、钧窑瓷器一样，特别注重釉色美。其凝厚的釉层系采取先素烧坯体、然后多次施釉的方法完成的，釉层厚度往往大于坯体的厚度。烧成过程中，选用优质木材作燃料，以保证窑内的温度和气氛。官窑瓷器主要为素面，既无华美的雕饰，又无艳彩涂绘，最多使用凹凸直棱和弦纹为饰。釉面纹片粼粼，愈显高洁古雅。釉色以粉青为主，釉面开片本因釉与胎的收缩率不一致，冷却时形成一种釉裂胎不裂的现象，古代工匠巧妙地利用错落有致的开片，顺其自然，形成一种妙趣天成的装饰釉。这种装饰除了表现在宋代官窑瓷器表面，宋代哥窑、汝窑瓷器表现大多出现，或称“开片”、“龟裂”。

Like Ru, Ge and Jun kiln porcelain, the official kiln porcelain in Song Dynasty paid special attention to the beauty of glaze. The thick glaze layer is prepared by firing the green body first and then glazing several times, and the thickness of the glaze layer is often greater than that of the green body. In the firing process, high-quality wood is selected as fuel to ensure the temperature and atmosphere in the kiln. Official kiln porcelain is mainly plain, with neither gorgeous carving nor colorful painting, and it is decorated with concave-convex straight edges and chords at most. Glazed grain is sparkling, which makes it more noble and elegant. Glaze color is mainly pinkish, and the shrinkage of glaze and tire is inconsistent, which results in a phenomenon that glaze cracks and tire does not crack when cooling. Ancient craftsmen skillfully use patchwork pieces to let nature take its course and form a kind of interesting decorative glaze. This kind of decoration is not only on the surface of official kiln porcelain in Song Dynasty, but also on Ge kiln and Ru kiln porcelain in Song Dynasty.

“官瓷重楷模，精华四海粹”，这是《饮流斋说瓷》中对宋代官窑瓷器的赞美。实际上宋代官窑有南北之分，且各有其特点。北宋官窑也称汴京官窑，相传北宋大观、政和年间，在汴京附近设立窑场，由官府直接经营，专烧宫廷用瓷，即北宋官窑。当时的京师即汴京(今河南开封)，因宋代汴京遗址已沉入底下，至今为止，尚未发掘出北宋官窑遗址。北宋官窑瓷器的传世品很少，多仿古器，主要有碗、瓶、洗等，胎体显厚，胎骨深灰、紫色或黑色，釉色有淡青、粉青、月白等，釉质莹润温雅，尤以釉面开大裂纹片著称，不同于南宋官窑、汝窑及龙泉窑瓷器。

"Official porcelain pays attention to the model, and the essence is the quintessence of the whole world", which is a compliment to the official kiln porcelain of Song Dynasty in "Yin Liu Zhai Shuo Porcelain". In fact, the official kilns in Song Dynasty were divided into north and south, and each had its own characteristics. Northern Song Dynasty official kiln is also called Bianjing official kiln. According to legend, during Daguan and Zhenghe years of Northern Song Dynasty, a kiln was set up near Bianjing, which was directly operated by the government and specialized in burning palace porcelain, namely Northern Song Dynasty official kiln. At that time, the capital was Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan Province). So far, the ruins of Bianjing in Song Dynasty have not been excavated. There are few products handed down from ancient times in official kiln porcelain of Northern Song Dynasty, mainly including bowls, bottles, washing, etc. The carcass is thick, the carcass is dark gray, purple or black, and the glaze color is light green, pink green, moon white, etc. The enamel is shining in Wen Ya, especially famous for its cracked glaze, which is different from the official kiln, Ru kiln and Longquan kiln porcelain of Southern Song Dynasty.

南宋时先后设立了“修内司窑”和“郊坛下窑”。南宋官窑的窑址在杭州乌龟山一带，考古人员进行了多次发掘，获得了比较多的实物资料。南宋官窑器，胎为黑、深灰、浅灰、米黄色等，有厚薄之分，胎质细腻，釉面乳浊，多开片，釉色有粉青、淡青、灰青、月白、米黄等，因器中施釉稀薄，微露紫色;而采用刮釉垫烧时，足上露胎而呈偏赤铁色，故有“紫口铁足”之称。宋代官窑是由宫廷设窑烧造的，其制作的瓷器均为宫廷垄断，多以十分珍贵，且流传至今的官窑珍品更是少之又少，所以，官窑瓷器一直是众多藏家梦寐以求的收藏佳品，也是各大拍场的宠儿。

During the Southern Song Dynasty, the "Repairing Inner Division Kiln" and the "Suburb Altar Kiln" were successively established. The official kiln in the Southern Song Dynasty is located in Wugui Mountain, Hangzhou. Archaeologists have made many excavations and obtained a lot of material objects. Southern Song Dynasty official kiln ware, the tires are black, dark gray, light gray, beige, etc., which are divided into thick and thin parts, the tires are delicate, the glaze is opaque, and the glaze colors are pink, light green, gray green, moon white, beige, etc., because the glaze in the ware is thin and slightly purple; When using scraping glaze pad to burn, the tire is exposed on the foot and is reddish iron, so it is called "purple iron foot". The official kiln in Song Dynasty was burned by the court, and the porcelain produced by it was monopolized by the court, and most of them were very precious, and the official kiln treasures that have been handed down to this day are rare. Therefore, the official kiln porcelain has always been the favorite collection of many collectors, and it is also the darling of major auction venues.

梅瓶，作为一种具有储酒实用、陈设装饰、明器陪葬等多重用途的器物，从唐代开始出现时就已受到人们的喜爱，到宋代时已很流行是宋代普遍流行的一种陶瓷器皿，元明时期随着青花瓷器的成熟而日趋风行。梅瓶在唐代时有部分器型因腹部细瘦类如鸡腿而被称为鸡腿瓶，宋代时称其“酒经”或 “经瓶”。据文献记载，“梅瓶”之称谓晚清方始出现，因其小口仅能容一形态瘦小的梅枝而得名，而并非专用于插梅花。也有另一种说法是梅瓶多用于盛酒，常有用其盛“梅酝”酒而得名。此梅瓶小唇口，丰肩，鼓腹，腹下渐收至底。宋官窑瓷器的烧造工艺一向极为精致，以色取胜，追求青翠如玉的呈色，滋润失透，此瓶器型典雅优美，通体施青釉，胎质匀净细腻，肥厚莹润，开纹优美，且像如此传世完整的官窑精品十分珍贵罕见。

Plum bottle, as a multi-purpose utensil with practical wine storage, display and decoration, funerary wares, etc., has been loved by people since its appearance in the Tang Dynasty, and has become very popular in the Song Dynasty. It was a popular ceramic utensil in Song Dynasty, and became increasingly popular with the maturity of blue and white porcelain in Yuan and Ming Dynasties. In Tang Dynasty, plum bottle was called chicken leg bottle because of its thin belly, and in Song Dynasty, it was called "wine classics" or "classic bottle". According to literature records, the name "Plum Bottle" appeared only in the late Qing Dynasty, and was named after its small mouth, which could only accommodate a thin plum branch, but was not dedicated to inserting plum blossoms. There is another saying that plum bottles are mostly used to hold wine, and they are often named after the plum bottles used to hold "Mei Yun" wine. This plum bottle has a small lip, full shoulders, bulging belly, and gradually closes to the bottom under the belly. The firing process of Song Dynasty official kiln porcelain has always been extremely delicate, winning by color, pursuing green and jade-like color, moisturizing and devitrifying. This bottle is elegant and beautiful, with green glaze applied all over the body, even and delicate fetal quality, thick and moist, and beautiful patterns, and such a complete official kiln boutique handed down from ancient times is very precious and rare.

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