古玩行2019精品推荐第11期：青花人物故事纹罐

元代青花瓷是我国陶瓷发展史上一个重要里程碑，是我国陶瓷史上一朵盛开的奇葩。元青花瓷是中华传统文化、宗教艺术、伊斯兰文化相互影响，并演绎出瓷器艺术风格的大融合。元青花瓷的青料据文献记载采用的是“苏麻离青”，其纹样复杂工整秀丽，“苏麻离青”的使用使得颜色沉稳，色调也与整个内敛的线条风格相得益彰。元青花以其明快雅丽的绘画图案、丰富多彩的器物种类、气度恢弘的审美神韵和科学复杂的装烧工艺，在元代瓷器中独树一帜。

The blue and white porcelain of Yuan Dynasty is an important milestone in the development history of China's ceramics and a wonderful flower in full bloom in the history of China's ceramics. Yuan blue and white porcelain is a combination of Chinese traditional culture, religious art and Islamic culture, and it deduces the artistic style of porcelain. According to the literature, the blue material of Yuan blue and white porcelain is "Su Ma Li Qing", whose pattern is complex, neat and beautiful. The use of "Su Ma Li Qing" makes the color steady, and the color tone complements the whole introverted line style. Yuan blue and white porcelain is unique in the Yuan Dynasty for its bright and elegant painting patterns, rich and colorful utensils, magnificent aesthetic charm and scientific and complex firing technology.

元青花开辟了由素瓷向彩瓷过渡的新时代，在制瓷工艺上获得重大突破。人工装饰技巧也被提升到前所未有的高度，一些器型与纹饰体现了新的艺术潮流，表现出了中华传统文化的深厚内涵。从制作工艺上看，此时出现了胎体厚重的巨大形体，如大罐、大瓶、大盘、大碗等。但也有精细之作，如胎体轻薄的高足碗、高足杯、匜、盘等。在元代社会，青花瓷还没有成为宫廷或人们日常生活的必需品，除酒具、明器外，主要产品是对外输出，因此元青花瓷的造型有一定特殊性，其原因乃是为了满足不同地域、不同生活习惯使用者的需要。如大罐、大瓶、大盘、大碗是为了适应伊斯兰国家广大穆斯林席地而坐、一起吃饭的习惯而特别生产的大型饮食器皿。而元时生产的小型器皿如小罐、小瓶、小壶则多销往菲律宾。根据考古资料可知，许多小件元青花瓷都是当年为满足东南亚人陪葬需要而制作的外销商品。除了外销，元青花生产者对内为了符合元代社会生活习俗还生产了中小型瓶、炉、笔山、高足碗、连座器等。

Yuan blue and white ushered in a new era of transition from plain porcelain to colored porcelain, and made a significant breakthrough in porcelain making technology. The technique of artificial decoration has also been upgraded to an unprecedented level. Some types of utensils and patterns reflect the new artistic trend and the profound connotation of Chinese traditional culture. From the perspective of manufacturing technology, there are massive carcasses, such as large cans, large bottles, large plates, large bowls, etc. But there are also fine works, such as the high foot bowl, the high foot cup, the cuvette, the plate and so on. In the Yuan Dynasty, blue and white porcelain has not become a necessity of the court or people's daily life. In addition to wine utensils and Ming ware, the main products are exported to the outside world. Therefore, the shape of the yuan blue and white porcelain has certain particularity, the reason is to meet the needs of different regions and users of different living habits. For example, large pots, bottles, plates and bowls are large-scale food utensils specially produced to adapt to the habit of Muslims in Islamic countries sitting on the ground and eating together. The small utensils produced in the Yuan Dynasty, such as small pots, bottles and kettles, were sold to the Philippines. According to archaeological data, many small pieces of Yuan blue and white porcelain were made for export to meet the burial needs of Southeast Asian people. In addition to export, Yuan blue and white producers also produced small and medium-sized bottles, stoves, pen mountains, high-end bowls, and seat connectors to meet the social customs of Yuan Dynasty.

元青花人物故事罐在我国的瓷器界有非常重要的地位，是我国瓷器中璀璨夺目的一朵奇葩，因为它的精湛的制作工艺、精美的图案加上是取材中国有名的故事图案主题，它在中国的瓷器史上一直占据着霸主的地位，是无法被任何瓷器替代的珍品。

Yuan blue and white character story jar plays a very important role in China's porcelain industry, and it is a brilliant flower in China's porcelain. Because of its exquisite production technology, exquisite patterns and famous Chinese story pattern theme, it has always occupied a dominant position in China's porcelain history, and is a treasure that can not be replaced by any porcelain.

元青花瓷器使用的青料除了使用“苏麻离青”即进口钴料之外，也使用国产钴料。国产钴料为高锰低铁型青料，呈色青蓝偏灰黑，仅用于中、小型器;进口料为低锰高铁型青料，呈色青翠浓艳，有铁锈斑痕，用于大型、中型或小型元青花上。在部分器物上，也有国产料和进口料并用的情况。元青花的纹饰最大特点是构图丰满，层次多而不乱。笔法以一笔点划多见，流畅有力;勾勒渲染则粗壮沉着。主题纹饰的题材有人物、动物、植物、诗文等。人物有高士图(四爱图)、历史人物等;动物有龙凤、麒麟、鸳鸯、游鱼等;植物常见的有牡丹、莲花、兰花、松竹梅、灵芝、花叶、瓜果等;诗文极少见。

In addition to the imported cobalt material, the domestic cobalt material is also used in the blue and white porcelain of Yuan Dynasty. Domestic cobalt is made of high manganese and low iron green material, which is blue and gray black in color, and is only used for medium and small-sized utensils; imported cobalt is made of low manganese and high iron green material, which is green and rich in color, with rust marks, and is used for large, medium or small-sized yuanqinghua. In some of the artifacts, there are also domestic materials and imported materials used at the same time. The most important feature of the yuan blue and white pattern is that the composition is plump, and there are many levels without disorder. The strokes are frequent, smooth and powerful, while the outline and rendering are thick and calm. The theme of the decoration includes characters, animals, plants, poems and so on. The figures are Gao Shi Tu (Si AI TU), historical figures, etc.; the animals are dragon and Phoenix, unicorn, mandarin duck, swimming fish, etc.; the common plants are peony, lotus, orchid, pine and bamboo plum, Ganoderma lucidum, flower leaves, melon and fruit, etc.; the poems are rare.

值得一提的是元青花中的人物纹别出心裁，并与戏剧相结合，将著名历史人物的故事情节移植到瓷器画面上，呈现出一种新的艺术境界，具有极强的艺术感染力，这也是其他时代所无法比拟的。其人物故事都绘于体型较大的器物之上，诸如盖罐、梅瓶、玉壶春瓶等。盖罐、梅瓶腹径较粗，作画面积大，多用来表现场面宏阔的题体。画面多置于器物中段的主体部位，视觉突出，给人以强烈的冲击力。玉壶春瓶颈肩，纤细，硕腹下垂，一般选择人物少、场画小的画面，如需要表现大的场面时，往往以全器作画。此外，元代瓷器的装饰纹样与佛教艺术有结合，莲瓣、莲花、杂宝等几乎成为元青花瓷器上必有的装饰内容，说明了佛教艺术对工艺美术品的影响。以此青花人物故事纹辅首罐为例，盘口，束颈，溜肩，置对称双兽耳，腹部下收，圈足。器身由五层圈带纹饰构成，通体以青花绘画，肩部饰莲瓣纹一周，腹部绘人物故事，人物形象描绘细腻，近足处绘变体莲瓣一周。整体布局疏朗大气，疏密有致。青花发色浓艳，器型敦实厚重，胎质细腻，釉色温润，底足露胎，尤其是青花纹饰朝代特征明显，堪称元代青花器的典范。

It is worth mentioning that the character patterns in the blue and white of the Yuan Dynasty are unique and combine with the drama to transplant the story of famous historical figures to the porcelain screen, presenting a new artistic realm with strong artistic appeal, which is also incomparable in other times. Their stories are all painted on larger objects, such as cans, plum bottles, jade pots and spring bottles. The belly diameter of the covering pot and the plum vase is relatively thick, and the painting area is large, which is mostly used to represent the broad topic body of the scene. The picture is mostly placed in the main part of the middle part of the utensil, with outstanding vision and strong impact. The bottle neck shoulder of Yuhu spring is thin, with big belly and drooping. Generally, the pictures with few characters and small scene painting are selected. When large scenes need to be displayed, they are often painted with the whole instrument. In addition, the decorative patterns of Yuan Dynasty porcelain are combined with Buddhist art. Lotus petals, lotus flowers, miscellaneous treasures and so on are almost the necessary decorative contents of Yuan blue and white porcelain, which shows the influence of Buddhist art on arts and crafts. Take the blue and white character story grain auxiliary first pot as an example, pan Kou, tie neck, slip shoulder, set symmetrical double animal ears, lower abdomen, circle foot. The body is composed of five layers of circles with patterns. The whole body is painted with blue and white, with lotus petals on the shoulders for one week, and the abdomen is painted with character stories. The figure image is described delicately, and the lotus petals near the feet are painted with variations for one week. The overall layout is sparse, strong and dense. The blue and white hair color is thick and colorful, the ware type is solid and thick, the texture is delicate, the glaze color is warm and moist, the bottom foot is exposed, especially the blue and white decorative features of the dynasty are obvious, which can be regarded as a model of the Yuan Dynasty blue and white ware.

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